Analysing Different Theories Of Competition Economics Essay

Breaking down Different Theories Of Competition Economics Essay The idea of rivalry and its results on key monetary factors, for example, costs, benefits, and development, have consistently been significant for hypothetical and exact examination. (Tsalik and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.187) Numerous non-business analyst and even numerous financial analysts utilize the term rivalry freely to apply to business sectors that we allude to as non-serious and a few people utilize the term rivalry to allude to a market in which a couple of value setting firms contend enthusiastically for deals. (Carlton and Perloff, 2005, p.85) Various terms of rivalry can be applied by the degree of market power. As Ochoa and Glick contended, in looking at contending hypotheses, it is hard to single out the factors that speak to every hypothesis and one should start by assessing the most run of the mill portrayal of every hypothesis. (Blaug, 1978, p.697) Above all else, the article will introduce the standard neoclassical perspective on rivalry. In the following segment, it will show the Austrian analysis of the standard hypothesis. At that point, go to the Post-Keynesian analysis of the neoclassical hypothesis of rivalry. In conclusion, it will concentrate on the criticalness of the both analysis of the standard neoclassical perspective on rivalry. Lets start with standard neoclassical hypothesis of rivalry; as a rule, neoclassical scholars who are the standard business analysts expanded Smiths hypothesis, traditional hypothesis, of a market framework by planning a few conditions under which productive assets designation and an ideal degree of social government assistance would be figured it out. (Semmler, 1982, p 93) That is to state, in neoclassical hypothesis, there are generally two fundamental worries of the way of thinking, which are utility expansion and asset distribution. In addition, it is additionally accepted that the standard microeconomics, neoclassical hypothesis, thinks about this present reality of business sectors, similarly as though watched wonders portray the satisfaction of balance conditions. As indicated by Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, (1998) rivalry is viewed as a place of harmony that would win if there would be free exit and passage of firms, as far as neoclassical perspective on financial matters. As Semmler demonstrated, regarding neoclassical hypothesis, the principle conditions, vital for a completely working serious market framework, are viewed as: benefit boosting makers and utility expanding shoppers; an adequately huge number of market operators; no externalities among their exercises; and ideal portability of assets among ventures; and immaculate premonition. (Semmler, 1982, p.93) As following the conditions we contended, it can accept that serious methods lead costs into harmony costs. As Semmler stated, (1982) rivalry can lead unsettling influences wiped out and an ideal assignment of assets brought. In addition, all through the market framework the presence of harmony costs are ensured. As such, both harmony and advancement are viewed as particular highlights of neoclassical hypothesis. To put it plainly, under neoclassical hypothesis, Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis expressed that the force of rivalry for the most part relies upon the quantity of venders and purchasers available structure of an industry. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188) Consequently, firms serious conduct is getting progressively viable as long as the quantity of firms in a particular industry is getting bigger. Therefore, Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis contended that opposition delivers a balance set of costs that initiate a Pareto ideal portion of the economys merchandise and ventures. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188) Despite what might be expected, if the quantity of merchant and purchaser is getting littler, the oligopolistic and monopolistic conduct in the market is getting to an ever increasing extent. Therefore, a few costs are above negligible expense and it is appeared as underutilisation and underproduction regardless of whether they have accessible assets. It is called non-serious harmony position. Hence, Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis contended that inside the standard microeconomic hypothesis of the firm, the ingenuity of benefits in abundance of typical is constantly connected with showcase blemishes, and in this manner, with some level of restraining infrastructure power. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188) Semmler accepted that the highlights of standard hypothesis need a few capabilities, which is there are three fundamental capabilities. Right off the bat, one of the capabilities is amount hypothesis of rivalry. As it referenced over, the power of rivalry in the market can be estimated by the amount hypothesis of rivalry. It can imply that adequately enormous number of firms can prompt the ideal level intently. Next comes to one of the key presumptions is costs and amounts assemble while in transit to a harmony driven by serious highlights. In conclusion, the end of vulnerability, hazard and desire, is the third highlights of the neoclassical perspective on key suspicions. Moreover, in this hypothesis, As Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis referenced, firms are chiefly observed as aloof, that is-given the purchasers inclinations and the mechanical open doors they only respond to parametrically given costs. (Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis, 1998, p.188) The work examined by Tsaliki and Tsoulfidis (1998) demonstrated that the market structure of ventures will in general be the center factor of neoclassical exact investigations regarding watched interindustry benefit rate differentials. Additionally, they accepted that numerous neoclassical business analysts consider obstructions to passage in any event as similarly critical as the level of industry focus. As indicated by Vaughn, he contended that the Austrian custom is spoken to in current financial matters by an exceptionally vocal, feisty and committed subset of the financial matters calling (Vaughn, 1994, p.11) As a rule, the methodologies investigated by the Austrian journalists have added to most essential issues of microeconomics, without a doubt. As indicated by Kirzner, the crucial hypothesis of Austrian methodologies is the conviction that the standard neoclassical microeconomics, for which the Walrasian general harmony model (in its cutting edge Arrow-Dbreu manifestation) is the investigative center, neglects to offer a fantastic hypothetical system for understanding what occurs in showcase economies. (Kirzner, 1997, p.61) As far as the Austrian methodology, blemished data can be chosen as including a component while it can't be a piece of neoclassical components. Present day Austrian hypothesis can be talked about as a few primary variables, which assume an altogether significant job in Austrian hypothesis. In the paper, we will concentrate on two noteworthy component, business and harmony ideas to comprehend Austrian analysis of standard view. The key purpose of the primary factors in understanding the serious procedure is business, the driving angle in the Austrian hypothesis. To comprehend pioneering revelation approach should know about getting activities, conditions and conditions of business visionaries. In addition, it is additionally crucial to comprehend the idea of vulnerability. In the Austrian hypothesis business people consistently face vulnerabilities, which are unavoidable and which are dangers and crucial vulnerabilities. In contrast to the neoclassical hypothesis, Austrian hypothesis can be expressed as mysterious because of the vulnerability. All things considered, it isn't incomprehensible in light of the fact that in Austrians the job of operators creative mind, which is an obscure thought in neoclassical hypothesis, assumes critical job to make what's to come. As per Kirzner, the pioneering revelation approach has resounded reactions of harmony financial aspects and have sent reactions in trying to downgrade the idea of ideal rivalry from its situation of predominance in present day neoclassical hypothesis so as to supplant it by ideas of dynamic rivalry. (Kirzner, 1997, p.64) The enterprising revelation approach has been influenced by the work driven from Mises and from Hayek. As far as Mises see, he accepted that the market is viewed as innovatively determined procedure under Austrians. In addition, Hayek centers around the job of information and its improvement all through the market cooperation. For Mises, business is human activity seen from the part of the vulnerability inalienable in each activity (Mises, 1949, p.255) He, additionally, center around the significance of business person who is in every case each on-screen character in any genuine and living economy. As per Kirzner (1997), every choice made by neoclassical hypothesis is made inside a without question known system. Thusly, it has accepted that in neoclassical thought, there is no particular job and open door for business enterprise contrasted from Austrian microtheory. It implies that, basically; there is no other viable option for entrepreneur. As such, it shows that though each neoclassical choice market worked in a universe of given cost and yield information, the Austrian business visionary works to change value/yield information. (Kirzner, 1997, p.70) Presently, the article will concentrate on the Austrian analysis of the balance thought of the standard neoclassical hypothesis. As Kirzner (1997) referenced neoclassical financial aspects works on the presumption that the world mirrors the connections that would win in such balance models with the model of serious harmony being the most loved one Be that as it may, as a rule, the Austrian methodology differs and censures this way to deal with getting markets. As per Kirzner (1997), he has accepted that the Austrian hypothesis depends on people while the neoclassical hypothesis thinks about the individual choice as a mechanical exercise in obliged expansion. In this manner, it has accepted that the procedure of rivalry is open-finished for Austrians yet not for neoclassical scholars. As Kirzner (1997) contended, Within the neoclassical hypothesis, the main informative methods at getting costs and yields is to concede balance hypothesis. Be that as it may, under Austrian ideas, it can't be adequate. Post-Keynesian financial aspects is essentiall

Comparison Between Antony and Brutus

Examination Between Antony and Brutus Julius Caesar is probably the best work. It is about a gathering of schemers who execute their ruler, Julius Caesar, so as to be free. Antony, who found no rationale in the death, felt that he ought to retaliate for Julius' passing. He conveyed a discourse that persuaded the Romans that the homicide was crooked, conjuring their disobedience. Brutus, pioneer of the scheme, gave a decent location, yet the Romans didn't respond to it as much as they accomplished for Antony's. A fight ejected, and a large portion of the plotters ended it all. The styles of the two addresses were totally different from each other.Brutus was first to talk. He moved toward the platform with his hands trickling in Caesar's blood. Brutus started by expressing his case for slaughtering Caesar. The group was confounded and inquisitive with regards to the explanation behind his passing. Brutus' support did not depend on a contempt of Caesar, but since he cherished Rome (he would prefer to see Caesar dead than hi s own country).Bust of Julius Caesar from the British MuseumSpecifically, he says, Not that I adored Caesar less, yet that I adored Rome more. (Act III, Scene ii, 21-22)This statement demonstrates and sums up the point in Brutus' discourse. To accomplish his objectives, Brutus' speech procedures were straightforward, coherent, and reasonable. His discourse was formal, controlled, and it appears that the entirety of the sentences are completely adjusted. In spite of the fact that he did a generally excellent activity at disclosing to the confounded group that killing Caesar was to benefit Rome, he hadn't prevailed upon them totally. Brutus clarified once more that he cherished Caesar, however that his death was to benefit Rome. As Caesar cherished me, I sob for him. (Act III, Scene ii, 25-26). Brutus clarified that he despite everything thought about Caesar he still likewise asserted that Caesar...

Meaning of my quote (please look in the details box for the quote) Essay

Which means of my statement (it would be ideal if you look in the subtleties box for the statement) - Essay Example I believe that the association between a pioneer and the devotees depends on the otherworldly establishments. The pioneer sends messages to the supporters verbally. This is the most recognizable and effectively conspicuous type of correspondence and collaboration between the pioneer and the devotees. Notwithstanding, there is something more to it that simply the supporters can feel and isn't clearly noticeable to the untouchables for example the passionate association. Whatever a pioneer says or does leaves an impact on the supporters. The supporters are best in the situation to consent to the directions of the pioneer when they realize what the premise of the interest from the pioneer to act or act with a particular goal in mind or do certain things is. All together for a person to be viable as a pioneer, it is basic that he/she initially procures the trust and certainty of the supporters. The pioneer achieves this by guaranteeing the devotees that on the off chance that they agree to the directions of the pioneer and do as he/she asks them to, he would lead them to the outcomes they need. Supporters possibly submit to the leader’s guidelines when they see their own advantage in doing this. The individual advantages of adherents shift contingent on what are the conditions or setting where they are following the pioneer. In a hierarchical arrangement, subordinates adhere to the guidelines of the administration on the grounds that their wages are chosen and execution is assessed by their consistence. With regards to a nation, individuals pay assessments to the legislature since they are sure that this cash would be utilized to furnish them with more advantages. My statement underlines upon one primary goal of initiative for example rousing the supporters. There are numerous manners by which a pioneer can move the adherents. Various pioneers have various qualities utilizing which they motivate the adherents. For instance, certain pioneers have great vocal aptitudes and rouse the supporters through their inspirational talks. In like manner, there are sure pioneers

Alzheimer's disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Alzheimer's ailment - Research Paper Example There are numerous difficulties when managing the ailment. The individuals who are influenced, in any case, may discover comfort in some effort programs offered to both the patient and their family. This paper investigates the causes, analysis and treatment of Alzheimer’s sickness just as its overwhelming consequences for the person who has it and on the individuals around that person, typically individuals from the family, and suggestions on how it very well may be forestalled or in any event, defer its unfriendly impacts. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative sickness that dynamically obliterates memory and thinking, in the long run prompting dementia and the failure to do the easiest of assignments. It happens for the most part among more seasoned individuals over the age of sixty years (Singh et al., 2011). It is the most widely recognized type of grown-up beginning dementia which influences more than 5 million individuals in America alone. So far, there has been no known remedy for this malady, in spite of the fact that examination on in any event postponing the unfriendly impacts of the illness has been promising (Trends e-Magazine, 2012). The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that at present 35.6 million individuals right now have Dementia and will increment to 65.7 million constantly 2030 and further increment to 115.4 million in the year 2050 (Wimo and Prince, 2010). Of the 5.4 million individuals in America living with Alzheimer’s illness, 5% are men and 6% are ladies more than sixty years. Except if the pervasiveness of Alzheimer’s Disease controlled, upwards of 16 million Americans will be distressed by it continuously 2050. Starting at 2012, the expense of thinking about individuals with Alzheimer’s and different dementias summarize to about $200 billion, which is relied upon to inflatable to $1.1 trillion every year by mid-century (Alzheimer’s Association, 2012). In the province of California, the accompanying appraisals of individuals matured 65 and more seasoned have Alzheimer’s Disease

The Security Of Banks Cryptosystems In The Banking Industry - 275 Words

The Security Of Banks: Cryptosystems In The Banking Industry (Essay Sample) Content: Cryptosystems in the Banking Industry Student’s Name Institution I. Introduction A. The world over financial transactions has been marred by a lot of security issues, that is, the banking indusrues have been exposed to attackers. This has necessitated strategies to enure the security of the finds and the information of the customers. To guarantee such security in banking industries, crytptograpgy has been employed on large scale. This technique ensure security of money and concerned bank exchanges considering also th Automated Teller Machines (ATM Cards), electronic businesses and the Personal Compueter Passwors. In cryptography, useful information is protected from unauthorized users. Cryptpgraphytechnique has benn used in the banking industry for a long time until now. It entirely makes use of the procrss of encryption where plaintext (ordinary information) is converted into cipher-text (incomprehessible garbage). On the hand, encrypted information can be reversed by a process known as decryption. In this process, information is converted from incomprehessible garbage bak to ordinaryform or th plain text. A cipher can be described in simple terms as a pair of algorithms which are useful in information encryption and its reverse is decryption. More detais regarding cipher action are controlled by both the key and the algorithm. Cryptography has numerous admired strategies that are functional in many fiscal institutions such as banks, they include; * public-key cryptography * symmetric-key cryptography * triple DES cryptography B. The Area of focus: Cryptosystems in Banking Industry the cryptography approach attemps to fulfill the objectives listed below by applying different techniques; * authentication: This is the process of proving the identity of someone. * Confidentiality or Privacy: The process of keeping the information for use by the target receiver only. * Integrety: The process of ensuring that the information reaches the receipient in its original state without any alteration. * Non-repudiation: It is a way of proving that the sender has indeed sent the message to the intended receiver. Cryptography approach is not only useful in data protection against modification, bue also useful in the authentication of the users. C. Thesis statement The banking industry has adapted different cryptosystems frameworks to ensure data security through different algorithms. D. The Definition of Key terms crypto-currency cryptography algorithms banking industry II. Background: A high premium is set on security when storing and transferring data with respect to customer financial records. * Historical Overview of use of cryptosystems in banking industry Until the first world war, cryptograpgy was a public field in the United States. Its importance was first realized by the Navy and Army to the national security where they started a secret use. The strategy was dominated by the government at the beginning of 1970 because it could afford computers and little information could be released. When the computers were made revolutionized and made readily available, the scientific and academic communities adopted them. During this period, encryption demand had raised as a result of basic changes in the American communication methods.The interests of various industries drove the increase in cryptography demand (for instance, the financial institutions needed electronic transactions that are secure and most businesses required trade secrets from their stored computers), and also personal interests for example secure wireless communications. Data encryption for the best qualification for digital communication. The cryptographic techniques use key as dicussesd above which are used to encode or decode a message. The encoded data is not prone to attackers and analogous combination used are safe. The length of the safety is represented by the length of the key usually measure in bits. The longer the key, the longer the time needed to code it. There are several risks associated with financial institutions. These risks require incorporation of secure strategies such as cryptography. Technologies are being developed at higher rates to curp this issue. There is a quick change of products and methodologies due to this security situation. absolute security is impossible, however, its levels of security should be attained which exist in conventional banking transactions. Cryptography is a good strategy for security. However, it has a lot of limitations which include the following; * Difficulty to understand: The idea of cryptocurrecies is new to most people. They could invest their money with little knowledge on it and may even lose their money. * Not widely accepted: Digital currencies are not accepted by most websites and companies. * Lack of knowledge: Most people do not have awareness on the use of cryptocurrncy hence they are prone to hackers. The technology used is difficult to most people and people need mindful information on its investment. Other limitations include the following: Lose of wallet Uncertainity No reverse mthods of payment Scallings III. Types of Cryptographic Algorithms Cryptographic algorithms have been classified in several ways. However, they will be classified according to the type of employed keys for informations encryption and decryption. This paper wll also defined the base on the funtion and application. Thre types of algorithms will be discussed. These include: * Public Key Cryptography (PKC) or Assymetric Key Cryptography Public-key cryptography refers to a secret communication system in which the two parties involved do not require first swap of secret keys. The method can also be used for creation of digital signatures. Public-key cryptography is basic and extensively used technology all over the globe. It allows information to be transmitted securely ovr the internet. It was first embraced for sensitive data transmission operations by banking institutions. Public-key cryptography has two primary branches namely; Public Key Encryption Didital signatures Public key encryption — a message encrypted with a recipient's public key cannot be decrypted by anyone except a possessor of the matching private key -- presumably, this will be the owner of that key and the person associated with the public key used. This is used for confidentiality. ïÆ'˜ï€  Digital signatures — a message signed with a sender's private key can be verified by anyone who has access to the sender's public key, thereby proving that the sender had access to the private key (and therefore is likely to be the person associated with the public key used), and the part of the message that has not been tampered with. * Symmetric Key Cryptography (SKC) Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use trivially related, often identical, cryptographic keys for both decryption and encryption. In symmetric-key cryptography, the plain text is encrypted by mangling it with a secret key. Decryption requires knowledge of the same key, and decryption reverses the mangling. The encryption key is trivially related to the decryption key, in that they may be identical or there is a simple transform to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link. * Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES). Feistel, Walter Tuchman, Don Coppersmith, Alan Konheim, Carl Meyer, Mike Matyas, Roy Adler, Edna Grossman, Bill Notz, Lynn Smith and Bryant Tuckerman (1974) proposed the Data Encryption Standard while working for IBM Research labs. This Data Encryption Standard is a method for encrypting information that is based on a Symmetric-key algorithm that uses a 56- bit key. DES is considered to be insecure for many applications. This is chiefly due to the 56-bit key size being too small. DES consequently came under intense academic scrutiny which motivated the modern understanding of block ciphers and their cryptanalysis. This led to the development of Triple DES. These algorithms are essentially symmetric encryption techniques only, only modified to support greater security concerns. Triple DES is a block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (...

Nuclear Energy For Tomorrow - Free Essay Example

I choose this topic because our planet is experiencing global warming and climate change at a rapid rate. Due to our consistent use and abuse of non renewable resources such as coal, natural gas, and oil. Although nuclear energy does create radioactive high level waste it is emission free and saves about 2.4 billion tons of carbon emissions. Our ecological footprint is 8.00 in global hectares per capita. The population of the United States is using twice the renewable natural resources and services that can be regenerated within its borders. When the amount of natural renewable resources dwindle and the demand is higher then production we will start to use more non renewable resources like coal which causes air pollution, and oil which can cause air pollution and marine pollution. The more we use non renewable resources the closer we bring our planet to destruction. Several studies have been carried out to determine the effect of nuclear power on the environment, especially in comparison with other energy sources. Many of them have established that nuclear power generation causes minimal effects on the environment as it emits very low amount of carbon dioxide and other green house gases (Sovacool 376). Energy sources such as fossil fuels cause more deadly pollution when compared to nuclear energy. Much of the opposition with nuclear power generation is associated with the potential catastrophic risks that can result from overheated fuels (Pandit, pp. 3). About 10,000 metric tons of high level radioactive wastes are produced from reactors around the world. There are controversies in regard to how these wastes should be deposited. Deep burial in stable geological locations was suggested, but no country has implemented that to date. New technologies have been developed to reprocess the waste and reduce its volume. However, this waste is too minute when compared to that from fossil fuels. Studies conducted to identify fatalities per unit power produced by the several leading energy sources have shown that nuclear power is the safest one while fossil fuels, especially coal, are the most polluting (Sovacool 376). This can be explained by the number of deaths that is caused by air pollution from fossil fuels. The director of Center for Health and Global Environment at Harvard Medical School explains that the whole life cycle of energy production from fossil fuels leads to a trail of injuries, illness and death (Sovacool 376). It is estimated that fine particles that are emitted from coal electricity generating plants kill up to 13,000 every year in the United States. More deaths are also registered in the extraction and transportation of coal and other fossil fuels. In contrast, there have been no deaths associated with Nuclear power generation, apart from some notable accidents. The International Atomic Energy Agency and the UN estimate that the death toll due to cancer following the 1986 meltdown at Chernobyl is yet to reach 9000 (Sovacool 376, pp.3). More research indicates that catastrophes associated with nuclear power plants are not major contributors of nuclear death or pollution. More than half of the deaths associated with nuclear power activities stem from Uranium mining. Even when this is included, overall number of deaths remains significantly low in comparison to all other energy sources.The production of nuclear power is relatively cheap when compared to coal and petroleum. The initial cost of setting up a nuclear power plant is usually very high. However, the subsequent fuel cost to run the plants is very low compared to other energy sources. The cost of power production from other sources may vary from place to place depending on deposits and other environmental factors. For instance, the use of coal for power production is economically attractive in countries such as the United States, China and Australia because they have abundant and accessible domestic sources (Sovacool 376). Gas is competitive for base load power in many locations around the world. However, the rising costs and environmental challenges have done away with most of these advantages. The cost of nuclear fuel for nuclear power generation is much lower compared to coal, oil and gas fired plants (Sovacool 376). However, the processing, enrichment and fabrication of the Uranium account for about 50% of the total cost. Additional costs are often associated with the management, radioactive used fuel and the ultimate disposal of the used fuel (Ojovan 12). However, even when these costs are factored in, the total price of energy production from nuclear power is much cheaper compared to the one got from gas and coal fired plants. A study carried out by the US Nuclear Energy Institute shows that a coal fired plant uses 78% of its financial resources on fuel, a gas fired plant needs up to 89% of its financial resources on fuel while a nuclear power plant requires only 14% of its financial resources on Uranium. Uranium has the advantage of being concentrated and thus can be transported cheaply when compared to gas and coal. It is also used in very small quantities to create similar amount of energy. In fact, one kilogram of Uranium can be yielded up to 20,000 times producing more energy than similar amount of coal does (Ojovan 15). Apart from the low cost of acquiring and transportation of Uranium, another economic advantage lies in the ability of a single nuclear power plant to generate high amount of energy. Nuclear power is much more efficient compared to other energy sources. Hydro power production may be hampered by adverse whether conditions and thus cause unprecedented increase in the cost of energy with serious economic consequences. Fossil fuel production and distribution are often affected by political situations in oil producing countries, and this regularly impacts on the gas prices. The greatest environmental advantage of nuclear power is that it does not release greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction (Ojovan 37, pp. 4). Hydropower does not produce emissions such as fossil fuels, but it causes a significant effect on the environment through damming, change of water flow, lowering of water levels, building of power lines (Pandit, pp. 6). The environmental effects caused per unit power generation are enormous when compared to nuclear power generation. The greatest political advantage of using nuclear power is the fact that it leads to a significant reduction of dependence on oil. Oil is produced in very few countries around the world and thus has created a lot of interest and competition. This is indeed true for the political crisis that seems never to end in the Middle East. Nuclear fuel is cheaper and can be sourced from more stable regions of the world. Therefore, nuclear power can indeed free many countries from oil dependence (Sovacool 376). This paper sought to reaffirm that nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy. Its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages. Indeed, it has been identified that nuclear power is much cheaper, causes the least effect on environment and reduces dependence on other countries producing oil. Though it has some serious risks, the efforts that are currently in place have reduced them considerably.

History of Social Work - 1714 Words

The development of Social Work in the United Kingdom, United States and Australia has developed and evolved, influencing people and professionals across the world. Social Work has advanced through welfare policies and programs with significant historical changes occurring and a shift in religious and political views allowing these changes to benefit members of society and address social issues. Key events such as the Elizabethan Poor Law, the industrial revolution, the first charity organised society (COS) and the settlement movement were established mainly in the United Kingdom however similar models were then adapted in the United States and Australia. Pioneering members of society helped advocate for human rights, social reform†¦show more content†¦By the end of 1860, it was becoming apparent that outdoor relief was draining community resources as poverty increased throughout the United Kingdom and other forms of support were needing to be created as people were becoming aware that it was not just a case of the poor seeking relief because of their character, but more so of the conditions they were living in (Dulmus amp; Sowers, 2012). The settlement movement became another key feature in establishing Social Work in a bid for society to focus on the causes of poverty rather than the individual. This required the volunteer or social worker to live in the houses with the residents, â€Å"Neighbourhood based houses were established in a bid to bring people together from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds to share knowledge, skills and values† (Chenoweth amp; McAuliffe, 2012, p. 35). In 1869, Octavia Hill focused establishing support housing in London for the poor and organising groups and activities. Octavia strongly believed that â€Å"we were to help the poor help themselves by empowering people with rights to encourage responsibility† (Smith, 2008). Settlement houses soon established the first by Samuel and Henrietta Barnett in 1884 in London, named Toynbee Hall. The United States were quick to follow in this new development as Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star established Americaâ€⠄¢s, Hull House in 1889. 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In addition to one criticism of his theory of human nature. Firstly, this paper will explain Karl Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature. According to Karl Marx’s deterministic theory of history, human society is determined by the material conditions. Marx was heavily influenced

The Greatest Source Of Risk - 930 Words

Response Speed Is Critical when Responding to Cyberthreats In the very early days of the internet, a hacker was most likely a lone wolf. He might be an unhappy customer, a disgruntled employee or a tech-savvy youth who just wanted to see if he could breach a target s defenses. Occasionally, a hacker might aspire to more devious crimes, including identity theft, blackmail, theft of trade secrets, exposure of personal information or monetary theft. These types of hackers were annoying, unnerving and potentially dangerous, but they seldom caused widespread damages or serious financial losses. Today, however, cybersecurity professionals face an entirely new group of hackers and an escalating number of attacks — and security strategies and tools have not been able to keep pace. The Modern Hackers The greatest source of risk comes from well-financed, sophisticated hackers who are often connected to a government that sanctions and supports their activities. These groups constantly refine their already impressive skills, and they are patient as well as persistent. They know how to circumvent defenses that rely on signatures or pattern matching, and they are adept at launching attacks that may take months to achieve fruition. For example, sophisticated hackers may launch an upstream attack aimed at companies that make the products that others use for security, including SSL certificates and other digital credentials. These credentials are then used to steal money,Show MoreRelatedEssay on code galore caselet758 Words   |  4 Pagesaccess it can be solved by using biometric security or face recognition methods as access methods that would make the data highly secure but since the company has cash crunch they can opt for access rights and permissions to the required users. 2 The source code from Skyhaven that is to be merged with the one from Codegalore is dispersed on workstations and servers alike. 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If an attacker is not able to gather enough information from one source, he or she may contact another source within the same organization and rely on the information from the first source to add to his or her credibility. In the past companies would assume if they setup authentication processes, firewalls, virtual private networks, and network-monitoring the software theirRead MoreGlobal And Fast Pace Market1456 Words   |  6 PagesBy identifying, prioritizing and assessing the various risks that a company can face, uncertainty is reduced and a company can therefore lessen or control the impact when tragedy does strike. As the speed of businesses continue to increase, the risks and possibility of interruption also increases. Catastrophes and natural disasters can certainly disrupt the logistics of a business and hence when it comes to assessing supply chain disruptive risk, we need to ask the right questions. By asking the rightRead MoreHow Did Queen Have Influence The Influence On Queen And Mercurys Influence1422 Words   |  6 Pagesobvious reason is Queen’s frontman, Freddie Mercury, and his amazing performances and extraordinary vocal range. The next reason is Queen’s accomplishme nts and the many awards they won during their time. The final reason is their tendency to take risks, break the mold, and experiment. Many well-known artists have been influenced by Queen due to these reasons. The fact that people continue to be so inspired by Queen decades after they reached their peak is a testament to their talent. Several keyRead MoreA Moral Point Of View1280 Words   |  6 Pagesinequalities and impoverishing of the majority. I see the transfer of wealth from the majority to several individuals, but not overall good. Furthermore, it was stated by Glasbeek that â€Å"The public or social goal of providing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people is not to be left to an authority charged with social planning of production and distribution of goods and services. This task is given to all individuals in society and they are to discharge it by acting as uncoordinatedRead MoreA SWOT Analysis of Boeing Company732 Words   |  3 Pagesoperations. Strengths: Boeings greatest strengths are its size, resources and reputation. A 2012 report by Defense News identified Boeing as 2nd only to Lockheed Martin in its revenue through military contracts. The source stated a defense revenue of $30.7 billion and an overall revenue of $68.7 billion. The latter figure is actually considerably greater than the composite revenue drawn by Lockheed Martin. 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Peak HorizontalRead MoreSamsung Electronics : Multinational Conglomerate ( Chaebol ) Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesPhone Supply Chain (Source: In the Belly of the Beast: Samsung Electronics’ Supply Chain and Workforce in South Korea, Jiwon Han, Wol-san Liem, and Yoomi Lee) Layers in Supply Chain and their Importance (Source: In the Belly of the Beast: Samsung Electronics’ Supply Chain and Workforce in South Korea, Jiwon Han, Wol-san Liem, and Yoomi Lee) Vertical Integration Firms choose to vertically integrate to achieve transaction cost economies. Vertical Integration minimizes many risks involved in transactingRead MoreLosing Bone Is Common Of The Ageing Process1279 Words   |  6 PagesLosing bone is common of the ageing process, but for some individuals it can lead to osteoporosis and a multiplied risk of fractures. Osteoporosis (porous bone), is a disease that intensifies the loss of bone mass and strength. It often advances without any symptoms or pain. Thus, osteoporosis is not detected until weakened bones cause painful fractures typically in the back or hips. These brittle fractures result in serious morbidity and may have lasting effects through associated depression,

Death of a Salesman Oedipus the King - 1782 Words

An overwhelming desire for personal contentment and unprecedented reputation can often result in a sickly twisted distortion of reality. In Sophocles Oedipus the King, a man well-known for his intellect and wisdom finds himself blind to the truth of h life and his parentage. Arthur Millers play, The Death of a Salesman, tells of a tragic character so wrapped up in his delusional world that reality and illusion fuse causing an internal explosion that leads to his undoing. Each play enacts the strugg of a man attempting to come to grips with his harsh reality and leaving behind his comfortable fantasy world. In the end, no man can escape the truth no matter how hard he may fight. In choosing the fragility of illusion over the stability†¦show more content†¦The extreme to which Willy takes this illusion causes him to create his own reality where he, knock[s] em cold in Providence, and slaughter[s] em in Boston and where five hundred gross in Providence becomes r ghly two hundre d gross on the whole trip (33). Willy, it seems, lives to please other people, especially his sons Biff and Happy, by way of his successes in numerous areas. Willy constantly brags about his successes in his business, his family life, an his finances, to anyone that will take a moment to listen. Willy wholeheartedly maintains this fantasy life until the company he works for tells him that they no longer want him to represent them (83). Only at this time does Willy begin to see the tru of his overwhelming failure in life. Willy searches for happiness not only through his illusions but through having an affair with a young woman who tells him, you do make me laugh...youre such a wonderful man (38). This woman tells Willy everything e wants to hear but nobody will say about him. When Biff discovers Willy with this woman in a hotel, he realizes the truth about him and his family, that they have lived their entire lives hiding from reality and shielding one another in their fight to asp illusion. Despite Willy andShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of A Salesman And Oedipus The King797 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to gain a proper perspective on the concept of what a tragic hero is, we must synthesize information from the following play’s, â€Å"The Death Of A Salesman†, and â€Å"Oedipus The King†. Both plays takes the stance on the idea that validates the ultimate notion,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"tragic hero. From Willy’s hubris personality to his questionable and mysterious death, to Oedipus dynamic and complex choices and kingly personality that determines his fate. A tragic hero is a literary character who makes a judgement thatRead MoreComparison of Oedipus the King and Death of a Salesman Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pages which will be discussed in the essay. Oedipus the King opens in a Greek amphitheatre depicting the front of a Theban palace. Throughout the play, the setting remains constant. This changes to a more fast-paced play with different settings in different places in Death of a Salesman. Dramatic irony in Oedipus the King is evident throughout, which is similar to the latter play, but in a different form. In here, the irony is evident. Oedipus the King revolves around characters attempts to changeRead MoreOedipus The King, Death Of A Salesman, And The Glass Menagerie1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn unit two of the semester, the class focused our attention on drama. As a class we read three very good play’s Oedipus the King, Death of a Salesman, and The Glass Menagerie. While all three of these plays were well written and had their share of both dynamic and static characters, the reader can’t help but notice that the mothers in all three plays were secondary to their male counterparts. The question posed is whether or not the mothers were nurturing, the answer was not easy to come by sinceRead More Comparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman1023 Words   |  5 PagesComparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and D eath of a Salesman The tragedies Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman have strikingly different plots and characters; however, each play shares common elements in its resolution. The events in the plays’ closings derive from a tragic flaw possessed by the protagonist in each play. The downfall of each protagonist is caused by his inability to effectively cope with his tragic flaw. The various similarities in the closingRead MoreComparing Shakespeare s Oedipus The King And Death Of A Salesman 1738 Words   |  7 Pagesdrama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force, such as destiny, and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that elicits pity or terror. Two such examples of literary tragedies are â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles and â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller. Although written over 2000 years apart, there are many similarities between the two literary works, but with varying degrees of differences as well. Some of the key areas to be examined when making thisRead MoreComparison Essay Between Oedipus the King and Death of a Salesman1402 Words   |  6 Pagesgoes an old saying, â€Å"All anyone asks for is a chance to work with pride.† Well, it seems that some people work with almost too much pride. In order to consider the extent to which pride applies to Sophocles Oedipus The King and Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, consider the following: Oedipus and Willy both take extreme pride in their professions, their pride blinds them from seeing the truth of their situations, and their pride ultimately leads to their own demise/downfall, all of these invokingRead MoreA Survey of Tragedy984 Words   |  4 Pagessense of personal dignity.† I feel Arthur Miller upheld his ideal in â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, where the protagonist Willie Loman commits suicide. Interestingly Willie Loman also meets a portion Aristotle’s description of a tragic hero, since he is not perfectly good, nor is he utterly depraved. Willie Loman’s misfortune is brought upon him by his wife’s refusal to allow him to seek out his dream and continuing to work as a salesman. Aristotle’s requirement that the ideal tragic hero must be one whoRead MoreComparing Oedipus Rex And Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1255 Words   |  6 Pagestwo works such as Oedipus Rex, which is a playwright written by the great Sophocles and another playwright named Death Of A Salesman written by Arthur Miller. c. Through out the years, there has been a lot of controversy on whether or not Death Of A Salesman is considered to be a tragedy, unlike Oedipus Rex which clearly is. d. I feel these two plays can compare in a multitude of ways despite being written in different historical times. II. Body Paragraphs a. In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus is the protagonistRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1039 Words   |  5 Pagesplay Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, is about an old salesperson who returns early from a business trip. After crashing multiple times, he realizes he should stop driving. The other book, Oedipus the King narrates the story of Oedipus. He was a man who became the king of Thebes, while unwittingly fulfilling a prophecy that he would murder his father, Laius, and marry his mother, Jocasta. The above characteristics of tragedy are well highlighted. In the play Death of a Salesman, one flow hat contributesRead MoreComparing Aristotle and Miller ´s View on Tragedy1230 Words   |  5 Pagesis plot driven, and if the plot is set then there is no way around it. In Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus is paying for the sins of his father King Laios. Laios was given horrible future by the Gods for angering them when he rapes another man. He was given a prediction that his son would murder him, and would marry his mother, Queen Jocaste. To prevent the prediction from happening Laios sent his shepherd to kill Oedipus, but gave him to a messenger from a different kingdom for another royal family

Salem Witch Trials And The Crucible - 879 Words

Salem Witch Trials These days, dressing up like a witch for Halloween is very normal. The year was 1962 when Salem Massachusetts was forever cemented in history because of the Salem witch trials. People accused of witch craft were imprisoned or hung and in one occasion a person was pressed to death. I can only imagine what the people of Salem were going through those days. There was a fear in the entire town because you couldn’t trust anyone. It became neighbor against neighbor as the small town was torn apart and people didn’t know who to trust. One of the most important persons from these times was Cotton Mather. He was an accomplished author, researcher, and preacher who worker under his father at Boston’s North Church. In â€Å"From the Wonders of the Invisible World† Mather writes about the Salem Witch Trials and what happened when some people recanted their testimony of being witches. In â€Å"From the Wonders of the Invisible World†, Cotton Mather opens with; â€Å"The New Englanders are a people of God settled in those, which were once the devil’s territories: and it may easily be supposed that the devil was exceedingly disturbed†(226). In this opening statement it’s very clear to see Mather’s Puritanism style in a couple of ways. First by calling New Englanders people of God and stating later in the text; â€Å"the devil thus irritated, immediately tried all sorts of methods to overturn this poor plantation†(226). Mather makes it clear that New Englander’s have enduredShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By The Salem Witch Trials1539 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Crucible† Who can people trust in a world filled with self-centered and ambitious enemies? Are their neighbors friends or foe? Those are questions many people faced in the seventeenth century and in the 1950s when mobocracy enveloped America. The Second Red Scare and the Salem Witch Trials were both tragic events that took place during these time periods; during this time, people were in a constant state of paranoia and fear. Many respected people lost their lives because they were accused ofRead MoreThe Crucible, The Salem Witch Trial1224 Words   |  5 Pagesplace hundreds of years ago, the characters still felt obligated to make an attempt to live up to the standards that society has set for them. In The Crucible, the Salem Witch Trial was taking place. Everyone was accusing everyone of witchcraft left and right, leading to countless death penalties and hangings. The society in which The Crucible took place was remarkable unique. All of the citizens believed that God was speaking through government officials. So, if person A accused person B of witchcraftRead MoreThe Crucible And Salem Witch Trials Similarities790 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Salem Witch Trials and The McCarthy Era The United States of America is filled with many historic events, enriching its history. Many events that occur are compared to past events in our history. In particular, the McCarthy Era in the 1950’s was compared to the Salem Witch Trials which occurred in 1692. This correlation was first made by Arthur Miller who wrote the play â€Å"The Crucible†. He connected the time period of McCarthy to where there was a hunt for communists, to the Salem Witch TrialsRead MoreThe Crucible By Comparing The Salem Witch Trials1431 Words   |  6 Pagesresult, he wrote a play called The Crucible, in which he used the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 to explain the communist hysteria during the 1950s. Arthur Miller develops an allegory in The Crucible by comparing the Salem Witch Trials to McCarthyism by using ringleaders, persecuted couples, and hypocrisy in the government or legal system. Certainly, Miller creates a parallel using ringleaders such as Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s, and Abigail Williams in The Crucible. Without a doubt, Joseph McCarthyRead MoreSimilarities Between The Crucible And Salem Witch Trials1079 Words   |  5 Pages The Crucible is a play that explains the story the Salem Witch trials. Arthur Miller, is the author of this play. McCarthyism played a big role in the creation of The Crucible. Many differences and similarities were drawn between the play and the Red Scare. The horrors of history are passed on from generation to generation in hopes that they will never happen again. People look back on these times and are surprised at how terrible the times were. Yet, in the 1950s, history repeated itself. DuringRead MoreThe Crucible : Fictional Account Of The Salem Witch Trials1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1996 film The Crucible is a fictional account of the Salem witch trials. While there are many historical inaccuracies in the movie, it does capture some of the themes in scholarship on the period. The film presents the town of Salem in a similar way to how it is depicted in the textbook. The film gets the basic outline of the Salem witch trials right. A group of girls started a panic by accusing an enslaved woman and two other women of bewitching them. During the event more than 200 people wereRead MoreComparing The Crucible and Salem Witch Trials Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesto compare and contrast Arthur Miller’s The Crucible with the ac tual witch trials that took place in Salem in the 17th Century. Although many of the characters and events in the play were non-fictional, many details were changed by the playwright to add intrigue to the story. While there isn’t one specific cause or event that led to the Salem witch trials, it was a combination of events and factors that contributed to the birth and growth of the trials. Some of these events included: a small poxRead MoreSimilarities Between The Crucible And Salem Witch Trials725 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Everyone loves a witch hunt as long as its someone elses witch being hunted.† this is a quote by Walter Kirn. The Crucible and the Salem Witch Trials are very similar to the time of McCarthyism and it the most likely reason the why the book was written. â€Å"It was not only the rise of McCarthyism that moved me, but something which seemed much more weird and mysterious.† (Budick 1985) a quote by the author himself proving it was a fa ctor that made him write the book. They were both witch hunts one literallyRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials: The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages The Crucible Puritans lived to achieve the grace of God. All sinners, liars, and adulterers were condemned to hell under the eyes of God himself. Arthur Miller, the mastermind behind the sad and heartbreaking play The Crucible succeeds in telling a story of the complicated relationship between John and Elizabeth Proctor. During the dark days of the pretense witchcraft spreading on the streets of Salem, Massachusetts Bay, the relationship between John and Elizabeth quickly changes from distantRead MoreThe Crucible and The Salem Witch Trials by Arthur Miller Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesjobs weren’t available. Throughout his life Miller influenced many people with his plays, and his contributions to this day because people want to read and understand what was truly happening in past history. For example, â€Å"The Crucible† is a play about the Salem Witch Trials, giving a good understanding of the basics that went on in this time period. Another example of Miller’s influ ential work is â€Å"The Death of a Sales Man†, which is his way of showing what life was like when people were struggling

Macbeth scenes analysis Essay Example For Students

Macbeth scenes analysis Essay Act 1 Scene 1 Page 274 Line 12-13: Fair is foul, and foul is fair: / Hover through the fog and filthy air. This quote is interesting to me because it is an oxymoron. Its impossible how fair can be foul when fair is equal or mild and foul is gross and rotten. Its significance is that the witches delight in the confusion of good and bad, beauty and ugliness. Act 1 Scene 2 Page 279 Line 40: So foul and fair a day I have not seen This quote simply means that its one of those days when fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm, some hail, and more sunshine. In other words nature is acting somewhat strange. Act 1 Scene 3 Page 282 Line 174-175: My dull brain was wrought / With things forgotten Macbeth makes the lying excuse that he was thinking about something so unimportant that he has already forgotten what it was. However, those things are far from forgotten. Act 1 Scene 4 Page 284 Line 13-47: Theres no art / To find the minds construction in the face I chose this quote because I thought it was pretty interesting how Duncan tells us not that you cant tell a book by its cover. From him saying this I compare it to Macbeth. Macbeth may look all innocent on the outside, but in the inside who knows what he has going on in his mind. Act 1 Scene 5 Page 286 Line 18-20: Thou wouldst be great; / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it Lady Macbeth is like the witches, she also believes that foul is fair. Ambition should be accompanied by illness. Yet she does not believe that Macbeth is really good. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 295 Line 5-6:Theres husbandry in heaven; / Their candles are all out Banquo means that heaven has gone to bed, and has put out its candles the stars for the night. Its significance is that the night stars will never be as bright again because nature will now be in a state of turmoil and confusion. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 296 Line 41-42: Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand? At this point in time Macbeth thinks he sees a dagger floating in the air and its pointing to Duncans room. In other words Macbeth is hallucinating. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 297 Line 69-70: Whiles I threat, he lives: / Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives. While hes saying all these threatening things, King Duncan still lives, and his words havent yet inspired him to actually do the deed. Its interesting to me how talk can delay ones actions. Act 2 Scene 2 Page 300 Line 85-86: My hands are of your colour; but I shame / To wear a heart so white. She means that her hands are red  too, but that she would be ashamed to have a heart as white as Macbeths. It goes to show you how cold hearted Lady Macbeth is. Act 2 Scene 4 Page 309 Line 53-54: Gods benison go with you, and with those/ That would make good of bad, and friends of foes! The old man is giving a blessing to all those who would restore the goodness and bring peace to the troubled land. The old man knows that Scotland is going to end up in one big mess. Act 3 Scene 1 Page 312 Line 3-4: Thou playdst most foully fort. Yet it was said it should not stand in thy posterity. Banquo believes that the witches prophecies are right because it was predicted that the kingship would not remain in Macbeths Family. Act 3 Scene 1 Page 314 Line 64-68: They hailed him father to a line of kings. /Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown/And put a barren scepter in my gripe, /Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, /No son of mine succeeding. Macbeth has came to conclusion if he wants to keep his crown he is going to have to kill Banquo and Fleance. He is trying to work against prophecy, something he never learns not to do. .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .postImageUrl , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:hover , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:visited , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:active { border:0!important; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:active , .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u187449a02918bd81ea6f78d2a0a0601d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Big Brother - Cartoon Analysis EssayAct 3 Scene 2 Page 319 Line 51: Be innocent of the knowledge Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth to put on a mask. This truly is a reversal of roles. Slowly Macbeth is taking the role of Lady Macbeth. Act 3 Scene 3 Page 320 Line 27: Thou mayst revenge In this scene Banquo is killed and he tells Fleance that he may live to kill the person that killed him. Act 3 Scene 4 Page 326 Line 176: You lack the season of all nature, sleep Macbeth really needs peace, but he cant relax because he feels that his power is threatened. Act 4 Scene 1 Page 337 Line 169-170: ^ÃÆ'†¦the very firstlings of my heart shall be the firstlings of my hand. Macbeth will now act immediately now on his impulses and will do whatever it takes to keep his crown. He decides that he will surprise the family of Macduff and destroy his family, thus removing the threat that Macduff represents. Act 4 Scene 2 Page 338 Line 5-6: When our actions do not, our fears do make us traitors. Lady Macduff is worried about what other people might say about her husband because he fled the country. Shes scared that their reputation will be destroyed. Act 4 Scene 2 Page 340 Line 97: Young fry of treachery The murderer calls Macduff a traitor, and the son calls him a liar. The murderer calls him a stabs him. It shows how evil the murders can be. They will kill anything for the money they get. You can tell how heartless they are Act 4 Scene 3 Page 342 Line 19-20: To offer up a weak,  poor, innocent lamb. T appease an angry god Macduff may betray the weak Malcolm, offering him as a sacrifice. Act 4 Scene 3 Page 346 Line 184-185: Good God betimes remove. The means that make us strangers! This is a plea to God from Malcolm. He wants God to remove the devil that sits at the head of Scotland. Act 5 Scene 1 Page 352 Line 37-39: Yet who would have thought/the old man to have so much blood in him? Lady Macbeth didnt know that Duncans death would bother her so much. She feels that her hands are now permanently tainted with her evil acts. This shows an even further reversal of the roles between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. Act 5 Scene 2 Page 354 Line 3-5: ^ÃÆ'†¦for their dear causes would to the bleeding and the grim alarm excite the mortified man. Any man would respond to their call for help, while they take on Macbeth. Act 5 Scene 4 Page 358 Lines 1-2: Cousins, I hope the days are near at hand/That chambers will be safe The nobles wont have to worry about being killed in their beds like Duncan was. His speech is basically a pep rally to motivate the nobles and soldiers. Act 5 Scene 7 Page 362 Line1: They have tied me to a stake; I cannot fly^ÃÆ'†¦ He probably would want things to go back to how they were before the murder. Back then, everyone and everything didnt di sturb him. Act 5 Scene 7 Page 362 Lines 22-23: If thou best slain and with no stroke of mine, /My wife and childrens ghosts will haunt me still. Macduff cant rest until he gets revenge on the killer of his family, something Malcolm and Fleance didnt say or couldnt do.

New Belgium Brewing Marketing Strategy to Expand free essay sample

New entries to brewing have a relative ease in creating home micro-breweries, which is aided by the simplicity of the brewing process. Micro-breweries are measured as producing less than 15,000 barrels of beer per year with 75% or more of the beer sold off-site. However, in order to mass produce beers to competitive market levels, more expensive technologies are needed. This provides some protection to established firms in the industry. In addition, the expert knowledge of the brew-masters in the established firms takes years of hands-on experience to acquire, knowledge which is not readily available to most new entrants.The bargaining power in the industry belongs to the customers due to the variety of craft beers throughout the country and specialty, regional beers. Substitutes for beer include liquors, wines, sodas, teas, juices, and sports drinks. The wide variety of alternative options for consumers is a general threat to the brewing industry. Supplies are generally bought by brewers, with New Belgium providing an example by getting their raw malt materials from the United States and Canada, hops from the Pacific Northwest, and packaging material from Colorado. We will write a custom essay sample on New Belgium Brewing Marketing Strategy to Expand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then the rivalries within the industry are pretty intense, with the three major players in the domestic market (Budweiser, Miller, Coors), mid-major players (Sam Adams New Belgium) and the craft/homemade breweries. At any level, a brewing company will have heated competition for consumers. The brewing industry remains to be an attractive industry for the owners to invest in because of the worldwide appeal of the product, the longevity of beer’s position as a beverage for humanity, and the United States’ cultural inclusion of beers.New Belgium has found a niche for higher-quality, craft brewing. In addition, the demand for these specially made craft brews have increased despite an overall decline in beer sales in the United States. Growth of the craft brewing industry in 2010 was 11% by volume and 12% by dollars compared to growth in 2009 of 7. 2% by volume and 10. 3% by dollars. Overall, U. S. beer sales were down an estimated 1. 0% by volume in 2010. New Belgium states that they opened distribution in six new states in 2009, and increased production by 15%, despite the declining economic climate.Thus craft brewers, like New Belgium, are a threat to the established powers of the beer industry, the Big Three (Bud, Coors, Miller). Craft Beer Sales Growth BEFORE 2010 New Belgium ought to be more aggressive in their desire for growth. The intense rivalry of specifically craft-breweries, not to mention the beer industry as a whole, demands aggressive growth policies. With the continued growth of craft breweries in the domestic market, New Belgium has the potential to gain market share with their mass-production capabilities already in place, and their niche as a specialty, craft beer.Particularly, they must be more aggressive in their marketing campaign. Facebook and Twitter are essential to any Internet advertising campaign for a company nowadays. New Belgium has been proficient in gaining attention through Facebook, as the numbers of â€Å"likes† for New Belgium Brewery’s Facebook has grown from 63,000 in 2010 to its current number of 179,714 (as of June 27, 2011). The brewery’s Twitter account currently has 27,415 followers, and then the company is following well over 15,000 of their customers and other businesses in the area.These connections give them a huge opportunity to communicate directly with consumers. In order to maximize this opportunity, they should promote their existing events like the Tour de Fat bike race and beer festivals across the country. New Belgium should also open a second brewery in the eastern half of the United States to accommodate more growth into uncharted territories. Putting the new brewery in an already established eastern market like Indiana would allow New Belgium to solidif y their hold on current markets while giving them the potential to grow into neighboring territories. Introduction to the Northeast is critically important because as of now they are ceding the whole region to rival competitors like Samuel Adams. The pluses to this second brewery include additional capacity for production of beers, wider reach of distribution, and ultimately higher sales due the territorial growth. The minuses include a possible loss of company culture at the new brewery due to its distance from Fort Collins. Another minus would be the loyalty current consumers have for regional craft beers already in the market. However these minuses can be addressed by implementing a couple different measures.First, in order to acquaint New Belgium products into new markets, the company should employ a specialized sales team that will go into local bars and pubs and buy New Belgium products for locals. This will begin the grassroots campaign which New Belgium has thrived upon throughout their history. In order to keep the company culture in the new eastern brewery, the co-founders Jeff and Kim Lebesch should be sent to head the new branch. Because the culture and values are already entrenched in the Colorado brewery, the New Belgium culture would be more easily maintained there without the founders being present.Then the founders could personally oversee the implementation of the culture in the new branch. The market positioning of a product is characterized by its pricing, quality, service, distribution, and packaging. For the Fat Tire Ale is the flagship beer of the New Belgium Brewery. It is priced competitively with other specialty beers in the industry, with a bottled 12-pack sold for $13. 99. This makes it less expensive than imported beers, but more expensive than mass-produced products of the Big Three. New Belgium considers it â€Å"one f the most affordable luxuries around†. This also implies that the quality of Fat Tire is superior to its competition. New Belgium assures the quality of its beers by using suppliers who meet their expectation according to the criteria of quality, sustainable practices of the company, supplier support and price. Having these expectations ensure that the highest quality materials are used to go into their brands, Fat Tire included. Service-wise, they do not ship beers to individual vendors, but only to distributors and retailers of beers.The sustainability practice of New Belgium illustrates how they serve their community and the environment, which then appeals to community-conscious consumers. In distribution, New Belgium currently supplies Fat Tire in 26 states as of 2010 and plan on expanding it into additional states in 2011. Consumers can access it from alcohol retailers, in local pubs and bars, or straight from the brewery in Fort Collins, Colorado. Fat Tire’s packaging is central to New Belgium’s marketing efforts, as the bike featured on Fat Tire bottles is now part of the official company logo.The bicycle image is meant to convey New Belgium’s â€Å"whimsical approach to business, the history of [the company’s] beginnings, and their emphasis on sustainability. † The design of the label on the beer gives a vintage and rustic look to Fat Tire, which appeals to its inspiration from the bike trails of Belgium. In addition, the bottles are all made in Colorado for New Belgium, which is in line with the company’s pledge to support the local community. One recommendation for the Fat Tire brand is to elevate its marketing to a mor e mainstream level. This would push Fat Tire from simply being a craft beer with a strong cult following, to a top-tier, household-name brand. This would entail more traditional marketing endeavors such television and magazine ads, as well as a greater Internet presence through advertisements. The advertisements would focus on the story behind the Fat Tire and its superior quality compared the mass-produced beers of the Big Three. The pluses to this sort of re-positioning would include initiating the marketing push into the mind of the average consumer, thus creating opportunity for similar growth with other brands.The minus to this would be if they miss the mark on their marketing campaign, then their loyal followers could be turned away from the Fat Tire brand, thinking that the company has lost touch with its roots. An interesting note would be the question of how competitors would react to a mainstream Fat Tire. Competitors could either anticipate a successful New Belgium launch and react accordingl y, or try to stomp out the mainstreaming efforts of New Belgium to keep them in their current place in the market. New Belgium appeals more to the consumer customer in their marketing focus.They list their core audience and target market as â€Å"craft beer drinkers†¦college educated, more affluent than the average beer drinker, and in their career years (30-50 years old). † Additional markets that New Belgium appeals to include â€Å"fans of Belgian style brews, folks who admire the Colorado lifestyle, and people with more socially aware buying habits. † In this, they can try to focus their marketing efforts towards these particular people then allow them to spread the word about New Belgium to other segments of the market.New Belgium’s transactional customers include smaller bars and pubs, and alcohol retailers within their distribution areas. Typically, New Belgium targets retailers who support the â€Å"slow food movement† and other sustainable practices in line with New Belgium ideals. The marketing program at New Belgium is currently based on mostly grassro ots efforts, with some additional online support through Facebook and Twitter. They generally do not advertise strongly in television or print media such as magazines as of now.They heavily promote company events, beer festivals and their annual Tour de Fat bicycle race. In order to become more competitive and stand out from the competition, they must more aggressively market their products to the consumer. We recommend that New Belgium host a second Tour de Fat bike race in the Eastern United States, where New Belgium has yet to expand to. The Appalachian Mountains provide a similar environmental backdrop to the race, which would be ideal in expanding the company’s sustainability principles to the new markets.The pluses to this include expansion into new markets and the continuation to spreading their core values and culture to communities in the area. The minus is the relative lack of brand recognition in the area, thus increasing the risk of an unsuccessful turn-out for the event. It would be interesting to see if the people of Appalachia are as environmentally conscious as those from the Rocky Mountain area where New Belgium comes from. In order to broaden the base and accessibility of the New Belgium brands, in is essential for marketing to play a greater role in the company than it currently does.This expansion would require television exposure, print advertisements in environmentally-conscious magazines, and expanded usage of the Facebook and Twitter platforms. In television, they reach many more target consumers. Their target consumers (ages 30-50) watch TV on average 4 hours in a 24 hour span, and having these advertisements would put their brands on the consumers’ minds. The magazine ads would be effective because they could pick and choose which magazines to place ads, which focuses on readers who are active and environmentally minded.Then the internet resources of Facebook and Twitter ought to include contests and giveaways for followers of Ne w Belgium. For instance, New Belgium could host a â€Å"Green Project Contest† in which Twitter followers can tweet green project ideas to support and maintain ecosystems, and then New Belgium would award the winner $10,000 to implement their project idea. This would both advertise New Belgium commitment to sustainability and boost the traffic to their Twitter page.The pluses of the television campaign include more exposure to consumers and additional legitimacy to their brand name. The repetition of the ads would also drive the brand name into the consciousness of the consumer mind. The minus of the television ads would the relative high costs of putting it on air as well as creating the commercial, which needs to coincide with the core values and ideals of the company. The pluses of the magazine are the choice of magazine in which to place ads as well as spreading the detailed imagery of the New Belgium brand.The minuses include a possible contradiction to the environmental ideals by using additional paper to promote their ‘sustainable’ measures. The pluses of the internet campaign include encouraging interaction with consumers to post or ‘tweet’ their experiences with New Belgium and their products. The Green Project Contest would add to their sustainability efforts while at the same time promoting the brand. The minus of these internet efforts would possible over-exposure to loyal followers and the uncontrollable variables of the internet.

Othello Play Essay Research Paper The four free essay sample

Othello Play Essay, Research Paper The four chief characters in the drama Othello represent four different character traits of manhood: Roderigo, the failure ; Othello, the hero, yet the insane lover ; Cassio, the Lords ; and Iago, the scoundrel, yet the strongest character of the drama. Of these four characters Roderigo reveals the weakest character traits. Iago effortlessly net incomes from Roderigo? s lack in a intelligence, in fact Iago himself said he would non blow clip and attempt on ? such a snipe? ( I iii 387 ) except for? athletics and profit. ? Towards the terminal of the drama Roderigo reveals some traits that might sort him as a adult male with a spinal column. He eventually stands up to Iago and threatens to expose the confederacy against Othello and Cassio, but finally his defects overmaster his virtuous traits and he is persuaded by Iago to kill Cassio alternatively. Likewise, Othello is the tragic hero of the drama but his character is besides weak. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Play Essay Research Paper The four or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jealousy is Othello? s major ruin. He reveals his insecurities in the scene where he work stoppages Desdemona and calls her a? Satan? . Similarly, in the whorehouse scene, Othello? s insecurities arise when he cruelly inquiries Desdemona. He condemns her as a? simple prostitute? and a? prostitute? , which he has no existent cogent evidence of. Iago besides easy manipulates Othello, like Roderigo, throughout the drama. Othello is naif. He demonstrates that a few well-placed suggestions can change his train of idea, such as when Iago was speaking to Cassio and made Othello believe that the lieutenant was talking of Desdemona alternatively of Bianca. On the whole, Othello Washington s a weak character and a naif adult male. In contrast, Cassio? s character is strong. He spoke about Othello with self-respect and grace, which no other character in the drama does. Besides, Cassio showed utmost trueness to the Moor. Cassio? s merely defect is that he temporarily lost his power of concluding when he was intoxicated and allow himself be manipulated by Iago. All in all, Cassio is a good illustration of how a adult male should move ; with self-respect and award. Likewise, Iago? s character is besides strong. He is an intelligent adult male as can seen in the monologue where he is hatching a program to border Cassio? to acquire his topographic point? ( I three ) . In the monologue Iago? s intelligence is revealed in the statement ? How, How? # 8211 ; To mistreat Othello? s ear / That [ Cassio ] is excessively familiar with his wife. ? ( I iii 396-39 ) . Iago used his intelligence to believe of a program to border Cassio and convey down Othello at the same clip. Iago is besides a confident adult male. Throughout the monologue Iago is confident? That the Moor? Will be tenderly led by the nose./ As buttockss are? ( I iii 401- 404 ) and will be easy manipulated. However, if Iago had used his good character traits for good he would hold been the hero of the drama alternatively of Othello. On the whole, Shakespeare did an first-class occupation on puting the character traits for the male characters in the drama: Roderigo was the? snipe? ; Cassio, the baronial gentleman ; Othello, the fallen? baronial Moor? ; and Iago, the intelligent, confident and chesty self-made scoundrel. All the Characters in the drama had some good traits but each of them had an dismaying property that led to their ruin.

Sample of Reflective Essay in Business

Sample of Reflective Essay in BusinessA sample of reflective essay in business covers various types of topics, such as studying and analyzing the value of time, and the impact it has on success in business. When writing reflective essays in business, you have to realize that there are a lot of facets that you can cover and discuss in a short space of time.To give an example, let's say that you are an accountant and you love to deal with numbers and analyzing your results over a period of time, the first thing that you need to do is think about how time is affecting your business. It is crucial that you use your time wisely. If you feel time is not being used properly, it will show in your business.You must then consider what you would have done if you could go back in time and change what you did before or see what would have happened in case you went back in time. The next thing that you need to consider is that you must analyze and deal with issues that you encountered during the t ime that you spend in the business.You have to keep in mind that as you go through the data that you gathered, you have to deal with all aspects of time and how it affects your business. For example, you may have to invest time into analyzing and asking yourself questions to get an idea of why your business failed. This is the best way to learn from your failures and find the strengths that you can use for the future.Also, reflection in business is also about examining your weaknesses. If you have these weaknesses, the next time that you go back in time, you may already have dealt with them and find ways to deal with them.Another important aspect is finding solutions to problems that you encounter. If you have problems with your boss, it is important that you put in your time to listen to your boss' complaints and find solutions.You should consider the amount of time that you need to spend on reflection in business. If you want to find solutions to your problems and improve the qual ity of your work, you have to set aside a certain amount of time for reflection.In conclusion, you can see that there are a lot of aspects of reflective essay in business. It is essential that you know the methods and approaches that you can use to improve the quality of your work.

Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Essays

Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Essays Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Paper Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Paper Essay Topic: Cathedral Kindred Louise Nevelson- Sky Cathedral Presence Survey of World Art The sculptress Louise Nevelson was a towering figure of American modernism. Born in 1899, she came to prominence in the late ‘50s, gaining renown for monochromatic structures built out of discarded wood. Critic Arthur C. Danto wrote, â€Å"There could be no better word for how Nevelson composed her work than bricolage- a French term that means making do with what is at hand. (Danto 2007) Her pieces evolved and expanded in size across the latter 20th century, moving from smaller pieces to wall-sized ones, and the plays of volume therein, between light and mass, generated comparisons to numerous different movements. The following paper will examine these links by discussing Nevelson’s work, Sky Cathedral (1982), in conversation with seven others: the Stela of Mentuwoser (ca. 1955 B. C. ), the Grave Stele of a Little Girl (c. 450-440 B. C. ), the Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis Augustae (13-9 B. C. ), the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (ca. A. D. 260-270), Duchamp’s Bicycle Wheel, 1913/1951, MoMA, Mondrian’s Composition (1921), and Pollock’s One (Number 31, 1950). To set up these conversations, it is necessary to locate Nevelson’s significance. Picasso’s pioneering, early 20th century sculpture of accumulation was the foundation of Junk art- an impulse utilizing found objects. Nevelson had started assembling discarded wood in the mid ‘50s (she was then in her early 60s), and doing so linked her to many younger peers. However, Nevelson was not ideologically linked to either. Similarly, Nevelson’s monochrome reliefs invoked sacred and public tableau from centuries earlier. What is centrally different, though, is the lack of single, true perspective- her larger installations invite consideration from a variety of perspectives. To place her in a particular mode or tradition always seems to run up against these tensions. Starting with the Stela of Mentuwoser (Fig. 2), one has a good example. Like Nevelson’s mature works, it is a rontally-oriented relief, and one might go further, taking the Stela’s funerary function as a link to the commanding monochromes- most obviously the blacks. However, Nevelson herself did not use monochromes to connote anything, stating that the association of black and death was basically a Western cultural association and that for her, â€Å"it may mean finish, completeness, maybe eternity. † Moreover, it would betray cultural projection to assume that the Egyptians were attempting abstraction, per se. According to Panofsky The ancient Egyptians, who tried to reproduce things in their rigorously objective appearance, surely thought they were proceeding as naturalistically as possible. The Greek artist, in turn, would have thought of his own works as naturalistic only in comparison to those of the Egyptians. {Panofsky 2000) Krauss, in her essay â€Å"The /Cloud/†, reminds us that, â€Å"The Egyptian relief†¦both enforces a shadowless linearity and is projected as if seen from no vantage at all. (Kraus 1992) By contrast, Nevelson’s Sky Cathedral (Fig. ), even in a 2-D rendering, is replete with nooks and shadows- this invites the changing of position which itself multiples its vantages. The Stela is relatively thin; its funerary purpose makes one recall Alois Riegl’s analysis The Egyptian method of employing a theory of proportions clearly reflects their Kunstwollen [artistic intention or â€Å"the will to form†], directed not toward the variable, bu t toward the constant, not toward the symbolization of the vital present, but toward the realization of a timeless eternity (Riegl 1957) By inviting the viewer to re-engage Sky Cathedral from multiple approaches, Nevelson is clearly trying to achieve something else. Looking next at the Grave Stele of a Little Girl (Fig. 3), one can see not only the formal advancements to which Panofsky gestured in the quote above but also the metaphysical shift from the perspective Riegl described. Although this Stele, too, is connected to death, it is not concerned with the timelessness of the afterlife- it quite strikingly grasps towards a felt instant of its young subject’s life. The poignancy of this girl’s untimely death and the instant of life the Grave Stele captures are both magnified by the weight and constancy of the marble. By contrast, Nevelson achieves something like suppleness in Sky Cathedral by her use of multiple layers and multiple â€Å"new† spaces that emerge from different vantage points. From the Attic Greek to the Augustan age brings one to the Imperial Procession, located on the North frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Fig. 4). The first two sculptures put into conversation with Sky Cathedral were mortuary, but the Imperial Procession is celebratory. The first two are both smaller than four feet, but the Procession is life-sized, so its visual force is thus magnified. Finally, the individuals therein are not idealized types, in contrast to earlier Greek modes of statuary- they naturalistic depictions of many actual people in the line of the Caesars. The Ara Pacis took four years to build, due to its desired scale and quality, and that scale points to a salient evolution from the Greeks to the Romans. Riegl claimed this vector went from what he call[ed] the haptic objectivism of the Greeks- the delineation of the clarity of the object through an appeal to and a stimulation of the tactile associations of the viewer- to the optical objectivism of Roman art, in which the need to set the figure up in space as radically freestanding led to the projection of the rear side of the body and hence the use of the drill to excavate the relief plane. (Riegl 2004) This magnification in both size and realism fascinates, certainly evoking an interest in multiple planes of and vantages on the Procession. But what is notably absent here that exists in Sky Cathedral are the recesses and pockets- the shaping inner spaces that create shadows and enigmas and that are themselves changeable things, as exterior light shifts. The transition from Augustan to late Roman sculpture finds this crucial transition. From contemporaneous perspectives, Late Roman art was judged to have declined from earlier Greco-Roman standards. However, Riegl argued that the development of an â€Å"optical† mode of representation in the late Roman period- manifested, for example, in the play of light and shadow in the deeply cut sarcophagus reliefs- actually prepared the ground for highly spiritualized Christian painting and ultimately for the idealizing and subjective art of modern Europe. (Riegl 2004) The representative piece from this period is the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (Fig. 5). This piece returns us to mortuary work, but- distinctly from the preceding three- brings us to the first work that does not concern mundane human beings. Carved in high relief, Dionysos rides a panther and is flanked by four young men personifying the Seasons. Additionally, other mythic figures, such as Mother Earth and a Nereid, finish filling out the sarcophagus. It’s worth noting the concrete links between Riegl’s assertion about the play of light and the rise of the subjective. There is a bridge from mystery as a function of light and shadow (visual play) to mystery as visual and religious idealization; similarly, there is a bridge from mystery as personal reaction to mystery in subjectively experienced art (as opposed to art that necessitates some reaction or stance). The name â€Å"Sky Cathedral† prefaces or prepares someone to experience the piece, and the piece is very evocative, even without any human-type figures. By contrast, the once-maligned techniques evident in the high-relief are not independent of the mythic-narrative elements on it. Of course, the obvious next step is to start putting Sky Cathedral in conversation with sculpture that has risen after the rise of the subjective and that has moved past representation. It’s well worth asking what- aside from Nevelson’s demurring- should make someone separate her from Dada, Surrealism, etc. The first candidate is Duchamp’s altered readymade, Bicycle 1913/1951 (Fig. 6). One might disregard Picasso’s use of found objects, used as often as they were for representational pieces, but why shouldn’t one consider Duchamp and Nevelson kindred spirits? The first answer, in experiential terms, is the brute intellectual force of readymades, compared to Nevelson’s work- the best way to explain that is tor refer to the titular semiological device of Krauss’s â€Å"The /Cloud/. In this essay, Krauss cites Hubert Damisch’s Theorie du /Nuage/, which uses a perspective-viewing machine created by Brunelleschi as a point of departure, first to cite /cloud/ as a marker inserted †¦between those two planes of the perspective apparatus†¦slipped into the construction as though it were measurable†¦but which gave the lie†¦to this†¦possibility of definition†¦Perspective was thus understood from the first to be a matter of arc hitectonics, of a structure built from delimited bodies (Krauss 1992) If, to this grounding of perspective and perception, one can add Breton’s definition of readymades as manufactured objects raised to the dignity of works of art through the choice of the artist, the problem becomes clear. Duchamp’s readymades are goal-oriented works, works that live by the putative volition of the artist; therefore, there is nothing conceptual slipped between the two planes above- everything announces itself. By contrast, at first a physical and then a perceptional level, Nevelson’s work interferes and entices. They do not live â€Å"through the choice of the artist,† but rather through the choices of the investigating viewer. Sky Cathedral operates not as a manifesto or an act of will but as a dynamic, growing system. Furthermore, although Nevelson has had pieces such as White Vertical Water, which recalls Arp’s works, she has never taken on the label, Dadaist. The notions of interference and physicality that were present in Krauss’s essay above move the conversation with Sky Cathedral towards Mondrian’s Composition 1921. The most obvious surface differences are Nevelson’s use of curves and irregular lines and her lack of dogmatism, relative to the proponents of Neoplasticism. However, there are just as obviously very exciting parallels. Mondrian’s grids simultaneously organize and disorient space, and one might make the analogy that his use of color parallels Nevelson’s use of the volumes, the fullnesses of Sky Cathedral. Krauss might assert that this was to be expected, discussing how the influence of phenomenology ushered in early 20th century paintings’ concern with, â€Å"†¦the logical grounds of possibility, for the purely subjective phenomenon of vision itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the subsequent ascendance, conceptually, of the grid. Krauss 1992) She goes on to cite Mondrian as the, â€Å"prime figure† in the â€Å"classical period of the modernist grid† (Krauss 1992), and this is entirely reasonable. Mondrian deals with this tension by creating lines without shadows, by using flatness, and by building images straightforwardly, in the mode of objectivism. But if one does not use this strategy to address the phen omenological issues above, the big /cloud/ that slips into the work and sight planes is tactility. Krauss describes the choice as one between, †¦materializing the grid, as when Ellsworth Kelly constructs†¦Colors for a Large Wall†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or between †¦mak[ing] the optical a function of the tactile†¦field of its viewer, that is to say, the succession of those viewing distances the viewer might assume. † (Krauss 1992) It is at this verge, then, that the relationship between Mondrian and Nevelson becomes most provocative- the pure question of sight. Regarding how to engage Nevelson’s work, Danto recalls a term from Hegel To experience an Aufhebung, one must experience something on three levels of consciousness. One must see something is preserved but at the same time that it is negated and that it is transcended. This is the way the mechanics of wood, black and sculpture operate in the experience of Nevelson’s work- or the way she hoped they would operate. (Danto 2007) If Nevelson and Mondrian are antipodes on the spectrum of the phenomenology of vision, it is not surprising that their works are formally antipodal. Danto’s assertion is striking, though, because the physical engagement of Nevelson’s work operates very similarly to that of her final peer. Although Jackson Pollock did not work with found wood, or monochromes, or large reliefs, his work easily triggers the same multivalent observations and interactions that Nevelson’s does. Like her’s, his work generates heightened, shifting, and fragmented awarenesses even as it restructures an apparent totality. The reasons for this are numerous and well-worth examining, especially after an exploration of the fundamental basis of vision. First, Pollock achieves the quality of depth, thus instigating a viewer’s investigation thereof. Whereas Nevelson achieves this quality through physical volumes, arrays of lines, and seeming barrier of monochromes, Pollock does so with line, color and layering. Furthermore, both artists operate within a mode of subjectivity- that is to say, both are creating arenas in which every spectator is playing with and against their own shifting experience of some artwork. To the extent that Danto is correct, to the extent that Nevelson’s (and possibly Pollock’s) works are built to engender Aufhebung experiences, they can do so because of the interplay between shifting perceptual, conceptual, and emotional engagements. Moreover, this space seems open partly because of the aleatory or unconscious impulses within these artists’ processes. This is not to negligate intention in either party’s works- for instance, one quality of Pollock’s opticality is the perception of shadows, despite the absence of (significant) volume- which quality Nevelson’s work obviously generates. Finally though, it’s important to recognize the considerable gulfs between Sky Cathedral and Pollock’s One (Number 31, 1951). There are several qualities which distinguish Nevelson from Pollock and other Abstract Expressionists. There is, in a literal, physical sense, nothing abstract about Nevelson’s work; even though there is nothing representational, per se, her great monochrome masses are amalgams of things that are somewhat recognizable and of regular space. Furthermore, even though Nevelson’s work process cannot be said to have been structured, there was no ideology or impulse towards revealing or expressing a subconscious. Although there are numerous intellectual and personal influences to credit for Nevelson as an artist and thinker, these seven conversations have, hopefully, made clear the uniqueness of Louise Nevelson’s body of work. Bibliography Websites â€Å"Picasso- Biography. † Guggenheim Collection, n. d. guggenheimcollection. org/site/artist_bio_126. html. (accessed May 2, 2010) â€Å"Mondrian- Biography. † Guggenheim Collection, n. d. guggenheimcollection. org/site/artist_bio_112. html. (accessed May 2, 2010) â€Å"Arp- Biography. † Guggenheim Collection, n. d. guggenheimcollection. org/site/artist_bio_8. html. (accessed May 2, 2010) Rapaport, Brooke Kamin. â€Å"The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:Constructing a Legend. † Jewish Museum (May 2007). thejewishmuseum. org/site/pages/onlinex. php? d=150. (accessed May 2, 2010) Books Adams, Laura Schneider. A History of Western Art. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Barnet, Sylvan. A Short Guide to Writing about Art. New York, NY: Longman, 2005. Danto, Arthur. â€Å"Black, White, Gold: Monochrome and Meaning in the Art of Louise Nevelson. † In The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:Constructing a Legend, ed. Brooke Kamin Rapaport, pp 39-48. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. Krauss, Rosalind. â€Å"The /Cloud/. † In Agnes Martin, ed. Barbara Haskell, pp 151-165. New York, NY: Whitney Museum of American Art and Harry N. Abrams, 1992. Panofsky, Erwin. Politics and Art Historical Method in the 1930s. New York, NY:Zone Books, 2000. Rapaport, Brooke Kamin. The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:Constructing a Legend. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. Riegl, Alois. Historical Grammar of the Visual Arts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. Riegl, Alois. Meaning in the Visual Arts. New York, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1957. [pic] Fig. 2. Stela of Mentuwoser, ca. 1955 B. C. Limestone, paint, 104. 3 cm x 49. 7 cm x 8. 3 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced from www. metmuseum. org. (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 3. Grave Stele of a Little Girl, c. 450-440 B. C. Marble, Parian, 80 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced from www. metmuseum. org (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 6. Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel 1913/1951, 1951. Metal wheel mounted on painted wood stool, 129. 5cm x 63. 5cm x 41. 9 cm. Museum of Modern Art. Reproduced from www. moma. org. (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 7. Piet Mondrian, Composition, 1921. Oil on canvas. 59. 5cm x 59. 5 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced from www. abcgallery. com (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 1. Louise Nevelson, Sky Cathedral, 1982. Painted wood. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Reproduced from rtst. org/ (accessed May 1, 2010). [pic] Fig. 4. Imperial Procession, North wall of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), 13-9 B. C. Rome. White Marble. Reproduced from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ara_Pacis. (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 5. Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons, ca. 260-270 A. D. Marble, 86. 40cm x 92. 10 x 215. 90cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Repr oduced from www. scholarsresource. com (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 8. Jackson Pollock, One (Number 31, 1950), 1950. Oil and enamel paint on canvas, 269. 5 x 530. 8 cm. MoMA. Reproduced from www. moma. org (accessed May 1, 2010)