In a world that does not know pain. Devoid of colo Essays

In a world that does not know pain. Devoid of colour, where everything is the same. The Giver by Lois Lowrey is a 1993 dystopian novel, which has truly changed my perspective on many things in my life. The plot follows Jonas - A unique character, in a society where sameness governs over individuality. He alone was chosen to be the receiver of memories, a burden that involves absorbing all the memories of the past including peace, war and colour with which he successfully criticises their social framework. Through Lowrey's exploration of memory's importance and individuality, I was profoundly enlightened with the discovery that our experiences, successes and failures are what make us who we are today; and looking at the big picture, how our history has shaped humanity itself. Lowrey explores the importance of memory through the Giver, which has allowed me to discover the notion that knowledge of the past influences our decisions in the present. During the beginning of Jonas' training, the Giver explains the importance of memory so that society does not make the same mistakes again. The Giver's personification "It is how wisdom comes" enlivens the knowledge of humanity's past errors, portraying the effect of past experiences on the present. The giver further goes on to explain how this "wisdom" is "how we shape our future", a metaphorical comparison of our future to something physically malleable. Thus uniquely revealing to us how the past influences our present decisions, and how these decisions are what help us "shape our future". This scene powerfully revealed to me that our future is in our hands and that my decisions are what will determine, my destiny. The novel, The Giver, also illustrates the value of individuality in a society of conformity and sameness, challenging my mentality of taking my rights for granted. As Jonas begins to absorb the memories of colour during his training, the freedoms that were relinquished by society were revealed to him. Jonas vents "If everything's the same, then there aren't any choices! I want to wake up in the morning and decide things! Jonas' use of imperative tone, demonstrates his passionate longing for individual freedom and choice that he has never known under an oppressive regime as these decisions are usually predetermined by others. The scene also urges us to critique the conditions we live under, just as Jonas questions his own in order secure and maintain our freedom of expression that we so often take for granted, and make our society a better place. Through this exploration Lowry attempts to inform the audience of the dangers that exist when people opt for conformity over individuality and furthermore make me better value the freedoms that I have. In summary, the exploration of the importance memory and its relevance in making decisions in the present, has revealed to me that my memories are what shape me as a person. The value of individuality highlighted in the novel urged me to appreciate my unique characteristics and the freedoms that I exercise. The Giver by Lois Lowrey, an exceptionally intriguing book indeed, a novel that has truly changed me.

T.S. Eliot Biography essays

T.S. Eliot Biography essays Thomas Stearns Eliot was born on September 26, 1888, in St. Louis, Missouri. He was the seventh and last child of Henry Ware Eliot, a brick manufacturer, and Charlotte Eliot, who was a talented poet in his own right. Both parents were descendent from families in England that immigrated to Massachusetts in the seventeenth century. William Greenleaf Eliot, Eliots grandfather, moved to St. Louis after he graduated from Harvard in the 1830s. There he became a Unitarian minister, but the connection to New England was maintained through the familys summer home on the Atlantic coast in Gloucester, Massachusetts. During his childhood Eliot attended Miss Lockes Primary School and Smithy Academy in St. Louis. His first poems appeared in the Smith Academy Record in 1905, the year of his graduation. In the year after that he attended Milton academy and then entered into Harvard University. He frequently published in the Harvard Advocate and took courses with professors such as Paul Elmer More and Irving Babbitt. In 1909 Eliot received his B.A. and stayed in Harvard to earn his masters degree in English literature, which he received the following year. The fall of 1910 is when he spent a year in Paris writing, reading, soaking up the atmosphere and attending classes at the Sorbonne. When he returned to America, he went back to Harvard to continue his studies in philosophy and also serve as a teaching assistant. After being awarded a traveling fellowship for the year of 1914-1915, he had planed to study in Germany, but the start of World War I forced him to leave the country early. Eliot would find himself in England where he would spend the remaining years of his life. In England he met Ezra Pound, on September 22, 1914, who would exert a great amount of influence into his work and his literary career. The next year Eliot would marry Vivien Haigh-Wood on June 26, 1915, after knowing each other for two mon...

Discussion about the Apple Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion about the Apple - Research Paper Example However, it must also be noted that Apple Inc. seeks to manage the supply and demand of their products by only producing a certain level of initial offerings as a means of stirring up a greater level of interest and support among potential clients. The firm has determined that it is more profitable to encourage individuals with an understanding that the exclusivity of the product in its entry phase is part of the overall appeal. Lastly, with regards to how the US government impacts upon a company such as Apple, it can be said that the relatively high levels of taxation that exist within the United States in conjunction with the exponentially higher labor costs have encouraged Apple to seek out third-party nations to assemble and partially developed their products. Although the ethics of this remaining question, the role and extent to which the United States government has acted in encouraging firms such as Apple to seek out the highest level of profitability possible is measurable in such a

Concepts in Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concepts in Homeland Security - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that partnership between DHS and FBI is important to promote a â€Å"whole community† approach to ensure that every nook and corner of the homeland is safe. The partnership between DHS and FBI and many other agencies enhance the preparedness against low predictability events. This is why professionals in FBI raid jackets can be seen at every other terrorism event despite the fact that DHS is the primary homeland security agency. â€Å"Black Swan† means such a disastrous event whose predictability is very low and its consequences are extremely catastrophic. The disastrous outcomes are high. Some good examples include terrorist attacks, natural and environmental disasters of high scale, and economic failures. The terrorist attack of 9/11 was a big Black Swan event in the history of US because of its zero predictability and high catastrophic outcomes. It was a terrorist attack which could not be anticipated, and thus, preparedness was zero and zilch. So, Black Swan is related to preparedness in a sense that it helps security agencies take measures to implement such classical risk assessment and management policies that help us sort out some of the most predictable events. We can ask ourselves questions, like how predictable is a disaster? What kinds of disasters have been occurring in the neighborhoods or cities in the past? What are the chances that the disaster will become a major event? What can be the level of damage? How much will be the cost for rehabilitation? How will resilience be ensured? What plans and actions can be taken to avoid or deal with such a disaster? These questions will lead us toward preparedness.

Summarizing and Paraphrasing Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarizing and Paraphrasing Activity - Essay Example In understanding the case, despite unanimous support from the protestors, only Johnson was identified for criminal proceedings and found guilty by the court. The amendment of the 1968 statute to make it neutral by passing the Flag Protection Act of 1989', Congress had manipulated the First Amendment to its advantage. Johnson was charged under the desecration of a venerated object in violation of Texas Penal Code Ann. Sec. 42.09 (a) (3) (1989). When he went on appeal against this verdict in the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at Dallas, the court affirmed Johnson's conviction. The matter was taken to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which reversed the judgment stating that the State could not, consistent with the First Amendment, punish Johnson for burning the flag in these circumstances (Thomas-Library of Congress, http://thomas.loc.gov- Thomas) Fast food has been a bane on American society. The craze for fast food has only added to the worries of the US Health Department. Obese is a curse on society. With more and more outlets attracting the various strata of society, health related problems have been eating into the national coffer.

Analysing Helicopter Landing Gear

Analysing Helicopter Landing Gear The Landing gear, an important part of a helicopter, assists the helicopter to land. So, when the helicopter is in land condition, the landing gear should withstand the whole weight of the helicopter. Apart from this, it should also withstand the thrust while landing operation is on. The landing gear of a helicopter can be of three types: Skid type Wheel type The skid type landing gear is the simplest one and cheaper to manufacture. Some skids allow the helicopter to land even on water. If the helicopter need to land on hard surfaces (like runway) regularly, then some special kinds of shoe need to be attached to the skid. The shoe can be replaced upon wearing. The most commercial helicopter has the skid type landing gear. The wheel type landing gear is little complicated and costlier as compared to the skid types but the wheel type landing gear gives easier ground handling and advantageous while rough and crush landing. In our case, we have to design a landing gear suitable for landing on an air craft carrier. The landing condition can become really bad due to the vertical motion of the aircraft carrier. Considering this severe landing condition I have chosen to go ahead with the wheel type landing gear for this assignment. I have used ADAMS/View for creating the design models, ADAMS/Vibration for running the vibration analysis and ADAMS post processing for analyzing and plotting the results. Design of Landing Gear Mechanism Research on Existing Landing Gear From the earlier days of the aviation history, many concepts of the landing gears are used. I will explain few of them here: Landing gear with leaf springs: The uses of aluminum leaf springs are possible for the very light weight helicopter (around 300kg). The design looks attractive. Fig.1: Showing the concept of aluminum spring landing gear The concept of the heavy duty composite leaf spring is being experimented by some of the commercial aircraft manufacturer including AIRBUS. The main advantage of leaf spring concept is its reduced part count. Landing gear with shock absorber: Most commercial applications use shock absorbers for the design of the landing gears. Fig.2: Showing a typical shock absorber based landing gear design Based on the numbers and the positions of the tires, this type of landing gears are typically classified in nine configurations as shown in the below figure (fig.3). Fig.3: Showing classifications of shock based landing gear I have used the Twin configuration of tires for each of the landing gears and used total of three landing gears in my final design. However, before selecting the final design, I have studied one concept with two twin configuration landing gears at rear and one single configuration landing gear at front as well. Design Inputs Few of the design inputs were given along with the assignment and for others, either I googled out from the manufacturers specifications or assumed. All together I have used the following design inputs: Weight of the helicopter = 5126 Kg Length of the helicopter = 15.16 m Spacing between the two rear landing gear = 2.5 m Spacing between the front and the rear landing gear = 5 m Youngs modulus of steel = 2.7E11 N/m2 Density of steel = 7801 kg/m3 Poissons ratio of steel = 0.29 Youngs modulus of rubber = 5E6N/m2 Density of steel = 1100 kg/m3 Poissons ratio of steel = 0.3 Possible design options After doing the preliminary study of the existing available designs, two aspects had come to my mind before proceeding further: one, covering all the assignment tasks and two, simplicity. I was looking for coming out few design concepts, which are good enough to cover all the assignment tasks and simple enough to finish the assignment in time. And I came out with the following two concepts: Design option -1: In this concept, I have used two twin-configured rear landing gears and one single-configured front landing gear. Fig.4: Showing a real life example of the Design option-1 The three landing gears (one front and two rears) are connected to a triangular top frame made up of steel. The top steel frame in turn is bolted with the fuselage. Design option-2: In the second concept, I have used three twin landing gears. One, in front and two are at rear. Please not that I have used two wheels (twin) in front (in design option-1, I have used a single nose wheel in front). The three landing gears are connected with the triangular top frame. The top frame is bolted with the fuselage. Creations of the ADAM models ADAMS is a tool, develop by MSC and used extensively for simulating different types of mechanisms. It has different modules, out of which I have used the ADAMS/View here. I also used the ADAMS Vibration plug-in for simulating the action of the ocean waves on the stationary helicopter on the aircraft carrier. I have used the block option for creating the base (aircraft carrier platform), torus option for creating the wheels , the link option to create the axels, cylinder option to create the top frame (which will be bolted to the fuselage) and the spring option for creating the shock absorber springs . Also, I have made used of the options like point, contacts, joint, force, input channel and output channel. How? I will explain in details little later, while explaining each of the design concepts separately. Fig.5: Showing MSC ADAMS tools ADAMS model for the design option-1 Start ADAMS/View. In the main toolbox right click the Rigid body and click the Point to create the points each at the wheel centers, at the three vertex of the frame, at the top left corner of the base. Again in the main tool box, right click the Rigid body bar and click the Box to create the base. Click on the Torus of the Rigid Body bar to create all the five wheels. Click on the Link of the rigid body bar to create the three axels. Click on the Cylinder of the Rigid body bar to create all the three sides of the top frame. Use the Merge two bodies of the rigid body bar to merge all the three sides of the top frame into one. Under Joint bar, select Revolute to connect the wheels with the respective axels. Under Forces bar, select Translational Spring-Damper to connect the axels and the respective vertices of the triangular top frame. Create sliding joints between the base and back ground and between the top frame and back ground. Under Forces bar, select Contact to create the contact between the wheels and base. Finally, the design option-1 ADAMS model should look like below: Fig.6: showing the ADAMS model of design option-1 ADAMS model for the design option-2 Following the similar procedure as described for creating the ADAMS model for design option-1, I have created the Design option-2 (with twin in front). The ADAMS model of the design option-2 looks like below: Fig.7: Showing the ADAMS model of design option-2 Comparisons of the design options After finishing the ADAMS model for both the design concepts, I run the Normal landing analysis on both design option models. The data used for the Normal landing analysis for both the design options are as below: Vertical descent speed of the top frame = 0.5 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 0 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17000 N I got the following results: Fig.8: Showing the acceleration plot of the top triangular frame for Design option-1 and the Design option-2. The above plot (fig.8) is showing that the acceleration of the top frame for the design option-1 is higher than that for the design option-2. Fig.9: Showing the Z-direction reaction force plot of the joint between the top frame and the back ground (space) for Design option-1 and the Design option-2. The above plot (fig.9) is showing that the design concept-1 is producing lots of Z- direction force, the force that can affect the stability of the helicopter. So, on the basis of the above analysis, I have chosen the Design option-2 for further study. Results and Calculations Spring Calculations Sprung mass = 5126 kg Maximum acceptable acceleration = 0.3 m/s2 Preload on each spring = 5126*(9.81+0.3)/3 = 17274 N Dynamic Analysis Results Normal landing Normal landing analysis is performed based on the following conditions: Vertical descent speed of the top frame = 0.5 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 0 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm, 50 N/mm, 70 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17274 N Fig.10: Showing normal landing analysis of the design option-2 for different spring rate Hard landing Hard landing analysis is performed based on the following conditions: Vertical descent speed of the top frame = 3 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 3 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm, 50 N/mm, 70 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17274 N Fig.11: Showing hard landing analysis of the design option-2 for different spring rate Crush landing Crush landing analysis is performed based on the following conditions: Vertical approach speed of the top frame = 15 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 0 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm, 50 N/mm, 70 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17274 N Fig.12: Showing crush landing analysis of the design option-2 for different spring rate The acceptance criteria of the above analysis are as follow: Normal landing: Minimum acceleration Hard landing: 50 m/sec2 Crush landing: 300 m/sec2 In order to fulfill all the acceptance criteria, I have chosen the spring stiffness as 30 N/mm and proceed further for the vibration analysis. Vibration Analysis Results Fig.13: Showing frequency response of the design option-2 The pick of the frequency response curve is indicating the resonance frequency, which is around 2.5 Hz for our case. Fig.14: Showing PSD plot of the design option-2 The above plot is showing the transmitted power from all the inputs used in the analysis as a function of the frequency. Again, the pick (2.5 Hz) is showing the resonating frequency here. Discussion Task 1 For the Task-1 , I have developed two design options (as shown in section 3.1 and 3.2) and compare the two design options on the basis of normal landing analysis (section 3.3). The result has shown that the design option-2 is better in terms of acceleration and z-direction reaction force. Hence I have selected the design option-2 for the further study. Task 2 For the task-2 , I have run the normal, hard and crush landing analysis (section 4.2) on the design option-2 for different spring stiffness and choose the best spring stiffness to ensure that all the acceptance criteria is met. Task 3 For Task-3, I run the vibration analysis for the design option-2 (section-4.3) and find out the resonating frequency for the mechanism on response to the sea wave. Task 4 For the task-4, I have discussed (section 3) how I have used the ADAMS/View for creating the ADAMS model and also, I have discussed how I simulate the mechanism. Conclusion The emphasis is given to come out with a simple but reasonably good landing gear mechanism, which will be able to pass all the test conditions specified in the assignment. The hand calculations are used for selecting the spring preload however, the selection of the spring stiffness is done on the basis of hit and trial. ADAMS/View and ADAMS Vibration plug-in are used for the whole analysis for getting the quick and easily interpretable results. I believe that the design of the mechanism can be further improved by incorporating the torsion springs along with the compression springs.

Isolation in Brave New World Essay -- Brave New World

Isolation in Brave New World    "If one's different, one's bound to be lonely."   -John "The Savage" In the Brave New World, people who are different from the normal standard are alienated and isolated from society because of their individuality. The society of the Brave New World is structured and ordered – the government attempts to control everything. Alienation in the Brave New World can be categorized into three areas, appearance, intellect, and morals.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bernard Marx was alienated in the Brave New World because of his general appearance. As an Alpha Plus, Bernard was unusually short and ugly. Suggested by Fanny, Bernard's condition resulted from an error when he was still in a bottle, the workers "thought he was a Gamma and put alcohol into his blood surrogate." Bernard did not fit in the structured order of the Brave New World and was therefore shunned by others. The error resulted in Bernard developing outside the barriers of his caste level. His ugliness and short stature led Bernard to become a perpetual outsider, alienated by society. As an outsider, Bernard was cynical of the order and structure of the Brave New World. He eschewed Electric Golf, and other social amusements in favor of loneliness and solidarity activities, such as, thinking. Bernard attempted to find a way "to be happy in some other way," in his own way, not the established way.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to alienation because of appearance, alienation can result from extreme intellect, or exceptional gifts of talent. Helmholtz Watson, an emotional engineer, was "a little too able" in his work. As Bernard was isolated from a physical defect, Helmholtz was isolated from mental excess. Despite being an "Escalato... ...re different and attempts to either ridicule, exemplify, or ignore them. In the Brave New World, society aims to preserve the homologous nature of living. With strict rules, crowd mentality and community actives the Brave New World attempts to get rid of the individual. Hypnopedia messages such as "When the individual feels, the community reels," and "Everybody belongs to everyone else," the Brave New World attempts to diminish the value of individuality and seeks instead to promote the idea of society first. Bernard, Helmholtz, and John are the few individuals of the Brave New World. They differ from the rest of society, because they recognize their uniqueness and realize that they are apart from society. It is because of their self-realization of their individuality that they are condemned to be ostracized from society and to live outside the Brave New World.   

Literature Review Essay

They warned the investors not to buy unlisted shares, as Stock Exchanges do not permit trading in unlisted shares. Another rule that they specify is not to buy inactive shares, ie, shares in which transactions take place rarely. Themain reason why shares are inactive is because there are no buyers forthem. They are mostly shares of companies, which are not doing well. A third rule according to them is not to buy shares in closely-held companies because these shares tend to be less active than those of widely held ones since they have a fewer number of shareholders. They caution not to hold the shares for a long period, expecting a high price, but to sell whenever one earns a reasonable reward. Jack Clark Francis (1986) revealed the importance of the rate of return in investments and reviewed the possibility of default and bankruptcy risk. He opined that in an uncertain world, investors cannot predict exactly what rate of return an investment will yield. However he suggested that the investors can formulate a probability distribution of the possible rates of return. He also opined that an investor who purchases corporate securities must face the possibility of default and bankruptcy by the issuer. Financial analysts can foresee bankruptcy. He disclosed some easily observable warnings of a firm’s failure, which could be noticed by the investors to avoid such a risk. Preethi Singh3(1986) disclosed the basic rules for selecting the company to invest in. She opined that understanding and measuring return m d risk is fundamental to the investment process. According to her, most investors are ‘risk averse’. To have a higher return theinvestor has to face greater risks. She concludes that risk is fundamental to the process of investment. Every investor should have an understanding of the various pitfalls of investments. The investor should carefully analyse the financial statements with special reference to solvency, profitability, EPS, and efficiency of the company. David. L. Scott and William Edward4 (1990) reviewed the important risks of owning common stocks and the ways to minimise these risks. They commented that the severity of financial risk depends on how heavily a business relies on debt. Financial risk is relatively easy to minimise if an investor sticks to the common stocks of companies that employ small amounts of debt. They suggested that a relatively easy way to ensure some degree of liquidity is to restrict investment in stocks having a history of adequate trading volume. Investors concerned about business risk can reduce it by selecting common stocks of firms that are diversified in several unrelated industries. Lewis Mandells (1992) reviewed the nature of market risk, which according to him is very much ‘global’. He revealed that certain risks that are so global that they affect the entire investment market. Even the stocks and bonds of the well-managed companies face market risk. He concluded that market risk is influenced by factors that cannot be predicted accurately like economic conditions, political events, mass psychological factors, etc. Market risk is the systemic risk that affects all securities simultaneously and it cannot be reduced through diversification Nabhi Kumar Jain (1992) specified certain tips for buyingshares for holding and also for selling shares. He advised the investors to buy shares of a growing company of a growing industry. Buy shares by diversifying in a number of growth companies operating in a different but equally fast growing sector of the economy. He suggested selling the shares the moment company has or almost reached the peak of its growth. Also, sell the shares the moment you realise you have made a mistake in the initial selection of the shares. The only option to decide when to buy and sell high priced shares is to identify the individual merit or demerit of each of the shares in the portfolio and arrive at a decision. Carter Randal (1992) offered to investors the underlying principles of winning on the stock market. He emphasised on long-term vision and a plan to reach the goals. He advised the investors that to be successful, they should never be pessimists. He revealed thatthough there has been a major economic crisis almost every year, it remains true that patient investors have consistently made money in the equities market. He concluded that investing in the stock market should be an un-emotional endeavour and suggested that investors should own a stock if they believe it would perform well. S. Rajagopal. (1996) commented on risk management in relation to banks. He opined that good risk management is good banking. A professional approach to Risk Management will safeguard the interests of the banking institution in the long run. He described risk identification as an art of combining intuition with formal information. And risk measurement is the estimation of the size, probability and timing of a potential loss under various scenarios. Charles. P. Jonesl8 (1996) reviewed how to estimate security return and risk. To estimate returns, the investors must estimate cash flows the securities are likely to provide. Also, investors must be able to quantify and measure risk using variance or standard deviation. Variance or standard deviation is the accepted measure of variability for both realised returns and expected returns. He suggested that the investors should use it as the situation dictates. He revealed that over the past 12 years, returns in stocks,bonds, etc. have been normal. Blue chip stocks have returned an average of more than 16% per year. He warned that the investors who believe that these rates will continue in the future also, will be in trouble. He also warned the investors not to allow themselves to become victimised by â€Å"investment gurus†. Rukmani Viswanath (2001) reported that the Primary Dealers in Govt. securities are working on a new internal risk management model suited for the Indian market conditions. Theattempt is to lay down general parameters for risk perception. The Primary Dealers Association of India (PDAI) is formulating a set of prudential norms for ‘risk management practices’. While internationally the principles of risk management may be the same everywhere, the Association is of the view that they have to identify the relevant issues and apply those principles in the Indian context. It strongly argues that it must work on a model that can help to manage liquidity and interest rate risk. While the existing RBI guidelines on risk management cover mainly statutory risk, the PDAI hopes that its new risk management model will be able to perceive ‘real risk’. These new norms are expected to help gauge several issues like, whether a fall in the prices of securities or yields is a temporary or permanent situation etc. The areas the new norms are likely to address are the assessment of the liquidity situation and envisaging investor appetite for a specific instrument and their appetite for risk. According to thegovt. securities dealers, these norms are expected to help them hedge. FOOTNOTES 1. Grewal and Navjot Grewal, Profitable lnvestment in shares, Vision Books Pvt. Ltd. 36 Connaught Place, New Delhi 1984. 2. Jack Clark Francis, Investment – Analysis and Management, MC Graw Hill, International Editions, 1986. 3. Preethi Singh, Investment management, Himalaya PublishingHouse, Bombay Nagpur and Delhi,1986. . Lewis Mandell, Investments, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992. 5. Nabhi Kumar Jain, How to earn more from shares, Nabhi Publications, Delhi, 1992. 6. Carter Randall Non-stop ~winning from the stock market Vision Books, New Delhi, Bombay (1992). . 7. S. Rajagopal,. â€Å"Bank Risk Management – A risk pricing model†, State Bank of india, Monthly Review, VoI. XXXV, No. 11, November 1996, p. 555. 8. Rukmani Viswanth, â€Å"PDs working on Risk Management Model†, TIE Hindu, Business Lime, Daily, Voi. 8, No. 17, January 18,2001, p. 11

Goal Theory of Latham and Locke essays

Goal Theory of Latham and Locke essays Any discussion of goal theory would have to note the work of Latham and Locke, Abraham Maslow and Alderfer at least, along with other theories that are useful in management. Latham and Locke noted that motivation and performance are higher when individuals set specific goals, and also, that those goals must be difficult but acceptable to the person accepting them. Latham and Locke noted, also, that there must be feedback on performance, but that as long as they are accepted, demanding goals lead to better performance than easy ones. (The Manager Web site) Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs also has significant impact on the area of setting goals. The needs he identified were, from lower to higher: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-fulfillment. When a lower- order need had been fulfilled, he thought, then the next higher order would become dominant. (The Manager Web site) In other words, if a person is fighting for survival, literally, then goals will concern food and shelter. If those needs are met, then the goals will concern obtaining not just any haven, but a safe haven, and on up the ladder. In management, if a person's need for an income is met, then the next goal might be for pleasant working conditions, and when those are met, then perhaps the goal would be to be accepted by one's colleagues, and so on. Maslow also thought that the highest order needs provide the greatest motivation: I would agree with that, assuming the basic survivalor in the case of the workplace, incomeneeds have been met. Alderfer's ERG Theory was about subjective state of satisfaction and desire and is similar to Maslow's hierarchy. Alderfer put all human needs into three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. (The Manager Web site) His first category corresponds to Maslow's physiological and safety...

11 Memorial

Arads Vision for the National 9/11 Memorial Rebuilding anything is hard work. Nearly two years after the 9-11 terrorist attacks, New York developers announced a challenge - design a memorial for a shocked and grieving nation. Anyone could enter the competition. Entries poured in from architects, artists, students, and other creative people around the world. A panel of 13 judges reviewed 5,201 proposals. It took six months to select the designs of eight finalists. Behind closed doors, one of the judges, Maya Lin, praised a simple memorial originally titled Reflecting Absence. The 34-year-old  architect, Michael Arad, had never built anything larger than a police station. Yet submission 790532, Arads model for the memorial, stayed in the hearts and minds of the judges. Michael Arads Vision Michael Arad had served in the Israeli Army, studied at Dartmouth College and Georgia Tech, and eventually settled in New York. On September 11, 2001, he stood on the roof of his Manhattan apartment building and watched the second plane strike the World Trade Center. Haunted, Arad began sketching plans for a memorial long before the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) launched their competition. Arads concept for Reflecting Absence featured two 30-foot deep voids, symbolizing the absence of the fallen Twin Towers. Ramps would lead down to underground galleries where visitors could stroll past cascading waterfalls and pause at the plaques engraved with the names of those who died. Arads design was truly three-dimensional, with subterranean features as pronounced as those at street level. The design, Arad later told Places magazine, drew inspiration from the simple, sculptural work of architects Louis Kahn, Tadao Ando, and Peter Zumthor. Although the judges admired Michael Arads entry, they felt that it needed more work. They encouraged Arad to join forces with California landscape architect Peter Walker. By all reports, the partnership was rocky. However, in the spring of 2004 the team unveiled an expanded plan that incorporated a scenic plaza with trees and walkways. Trouble Looms for the 9/11 Memorial Critics responded to the 9/11 Memorial plans with mixed reviews. Some called Reflecting Absence moving and healing. Others said that the waterfalls were impractical and the deep pits hazardous. Still others protested the idea of memorializing the dead in a space located underground. To make matters worse, Michael Arad butted heads with architects in charge of the New York reconstruction projects. Daniel Libeskind, master planner for the World Trade Center site, said that Reflecting Absence did not harmonize with his own Memory Foundations design vision. The architects chosen for the underground National 9/11 Museum, J. Max Bond, Jr. and others from the Davis Brody Bond architecture firm, came on board and tweaked Arads subsurface memorial design - apparently against Arads wishes. After stormy meetings and construction delays, cost estimates for the memorial and the museum soared to nearly $1 billion. In May 2006, New York Magazine reported that Arads memorial teeters on the brink of collapse. Michael Arads Dream Triumphs The World Trade Center towers (the  skyscrapers) and the Transportation Hub are the business end of what is built at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. Early on, however, politicians, historians, and community leaders knew that a good part of the real estate had to be dedicated to the people affected by the terrorist tragedy. This meant a memorial and museum within one of the largest spaces set aside for redevelopment. Who was involved? Architects of the underground museum (Davis Brody Bond); architects of the aboveground pavilion entrance to the museum (Snà ¸hetta); architect of the memorial (Arad); landscape architect for the memorial / museum plaza area (Walker); and the architect of the Master Plan (Libeskind). Compromise is the cornerstone of every great project. Like Libeskinds dramatically altered Vertical World Garden, Reflecting Absence saw many transformations. Its now known as the National September 11 Memorial. The names of those who died areinscribed on the bronze parapet on the plaza level, instead of in underground galleries. Many other features that Arad wanted have been modified or eliminated. Still, his core vision - deep voids and rushing water - remains intact. Architects Michael Arad and Peter Walker worked with a water architect and many engineers to construct the enormous waterfalls. Family members or victims remained actively involved as they deliberated over the arrangement of the engraved names. On September 11, 2011, ten years after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, a formal dedication ceremony marked the completion of the National 9/11 Memorial. The underground museum by Davis Brody Bond and the aboveground atrium pavilion by Snà ¸hetta opened in May 2014. Together, all of the architectural elements are known as the National September 11 Memorial Museum. The Memorial by Arad and Walker is an open park space, free to the public. The underground museum, includingthe infamous slurry wall that holds back the Hudson River, is open for a fee. The September 11 memorial site is designed to honor the nearly 3,000 people who were killed in New York, Pennsylvania, and at the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and also the six people who died when terrorists bombed the New York World Trade Center on February 26, 1993. More generally, the National 9/11 Memorial speaks out against terrorism everywhere and offers a promise of renewal. Who Is Michael Arad? Michael Sahar Arad was one of six recipients of the Young Architects Award given by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 2006. By 2012 Arad was one of fifteen Architects of Healing receiving a special AIA medal for his Reflecting Absence design of the National 9/11 Memorial in New York City. Arad was born in Israel, 1969, and served in the Israeli Military from 1989 to 1991. He arrived in the US in 1991 to go to school, earning a BA in Government from Dartmouth College (1994) and a Masters in Architecture from Georgia Institute of Technology (1999). He signed on with Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) from 1999 to 2002, and after 9-11 worked for the New York City Housing Authority from 2002 to 2004. Since 2004 Arads been a partner at Handel Architects LLP. In the Words of Michael Arad Im proud to be an American. I was not born in this country, nor was I born to American parents. Becoming an American was something I chose to do, and Im so grateful for that privilege because I love the values of this country and Im grateful for the opportunities this country has given me first as a student and then as an architect. America epitomizes for me liberty and equality, tolerance and a belief in shared sacrifices. It is a noble social experiment that depends on every generations engagement and belief in it. The design of the Memorial of the World Trade Center is a physical manifestation of these values and beliefs. It is a design formed by my experiences in New York in the aftermath of the attacks, where I witnessed the remarkable response of the City as a community, united in its most trying hour; united in compassion and courage, determined and stoic. The public spaces of the City - places like Union Square and Washington Square - were the sites where this incredible civic response took shape, and, in fact, it could not have taken shape without them. These public spaces informed and gave shape to the response of its citizens and their design is open democratic forms reflect our shared values and beliefs in a civic and democratic society based on freedom, liberty, and yet even the individual pursuit of happiness what else is a pursuit of solace in the face of grief. Public spaces form our shared responses and our understanding of ourselves and our place within society, not as spectators, but as participants, as engaged citizens, as a community of people united by a shared destiny. What better way to respond to that attack and to honor the memory of those who perished than to construct another vessel for that community, another public space, a new forum, a place that affirms our values and imparts them to us and to future generations. It has been a remarkable privilege and responsibility to be part of this effort. I am humbled and honored to be part of it, and I am grateful for the recognition this award bestows on the efforts of my colleagues and myself. Thank you very much. - Architects of Healing Ceremony, American Institute of Architects, May 19, 2012, Washington, D.C. Sources for This Article: Reflecting Absence, commentary by Michael Arad from Places magazine, May 2009 (at http://places.designobserver.com/media/pdf/Reflecting_Abs_1162.pdf)The Breaking of Michael Arad, New York magazineCost and Safety Put Memorials Striking Vision at Risk, New York TimesReflecting Absence: Exploring The 9/11 Memorial, Huffington Post9/11 Memorial Nears Completion, Ending Complicated, Contentious Process at old.gothamgazette.com/article/arts/20110714/1/3565, Gotham GazetteIroning Out Where to Purpose 9/11†²s Iconic Steel Cross, New York Observer9/11 Memorial Official SiteLower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) at www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_memorial_93699.aspxThe Port Authority website at www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/memorial-museum.htmlLower Manhattan Construction Command Center Project Update at lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_memorial_93699.aspx

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